Tectonic Conditions of Origin and Geodynamic Setting of Opening of the Rifts of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Adena

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Abstract

The article presents results of the study that identifies tectonic conditions responsible for the origin of the Late Cenozoic rifts of the final stage of the development of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. The rifts, connected at the right angle, had different stages of oceanic opening. We propose a geodynamic model of the Red Sea rift formation, based on data on the continental-lower crustal nature of the high-density basement of this rift. Our Paleotectonic reconstructions support the previous model of the pre-rift location of Arabia near the “shores” of Africa and the deep entry of the Yemen “Corner” of Arabia into the “Triangle” of the Afar Depression. The separation and syn-rift removal of Arabia from Africa occurred in different and unique tectonic settings, is shown. The Red Sea Rift originated in the largest area of the Late Proterozoic juvenile crust protruding in the central part of the Arabian‒Nubian Shield. In contrast, the Gulf of Aden Rift formed within a large pericontinental sedimentary basin, which is unusual for rifts of all ages and types. The directions of the rift separation Arabia from Africa were predetermined historically and coincided with the boundaries of ancient lithospheric blocks that experienced different tectonic development. These geological boundaries, related to the deep geo-divisions, outlined in the crustal structure as pan-African folding belts of various ages and types.

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V. M. Usova

RUDN University

Author for correspondence.
Email: usova-vm@rudn.ru
Russian Federation, 6, Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow, 117198

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2. Fig. 1. Position of the rifts of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Afar Depression (according to [63], with modifications and additions). The diagram: shows (colour change from green to dark brown) the increase in the height of the modern relief. 1-2 - geological boundary: 1 - pre-rift paleoposition of the Arabian Plate, 2 - Ethiopian rift in the south and the Afar Depression; 3 - deep oceanic depression of the Red Sea.

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3. Fig. 2. Paleogeological scheme of the distribution of Paleogene and Jurassic sediments beneath the Cretaceous sediments in the areas of pre-rift junction of the southern part of the Arabian, African and Somali (‘Horn of Africa’) plates (according to [6, 7, 20, 31, 34, 36]). 1 - modern boundaries of the southern part of Arabia and Africa; 2 - paleo-boundaries of the southern part of Arabia (before its separation from Africa); 3 - faults of the Afar and Ethiopian rifts (Late Cenozoic); 4 - Jurassic sediments; 5 - area of mountain-graben structures in Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments; 6 - areas of absence of Jurassic sediments under Cretaceous sediments: a - reliable, b - assumed; 7 - boundary of the areas of absence in the west and distribution in the east of the Lower-Middle Eocene sediments; 8 - conditional geographical grid tied to the palaeoposition of Arabia.

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4. Fig. 3. Paleogeological scheme of distribution of complexes and structures of the Pan-African crust in the areas of pre-rift juxtaposition of the southern part of the Arabian, African and Somali plates (according to [15, 31, 34]). 1 - modern boundaries of the southern part of Arabia and Africa; 2 - paleo-boundaries of the southern part of Arabia (before its separation from Africa); 3 - faults of the Afar and Ethiopian rifts (Late Cenozoic); 4-7 - complexes of the Pan-African basement: 4 - rocks of high metamorphism, 5 - granite-gneiss, 6 - greenstone volcanogenic, 7 - quartzite-shale; 8 - areas of distribution of sedimentary and volcanogenic complexes of the Phanerozoic; 9 - supposed boundaries of distribution of folded strata of the terminal Riphean-Wendian under sedimentary complexes and in the water areas of the Gulf of Aden; 10 - conditional geographical grid tied to the palaeo-position of Arabia.

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5. Fig. 4. Main complexes and structures of the pan-African crust in the near-red sea areas of Eritrea, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. 1-2 - complexes and structures of the pan-African crust: 1 - gneiss, middle crustal with relics of lower crustal complexes, syn- and post-tectonic gabbroids; 2 - granite-greenstone, upper crustal (dashed lines show the strike of the structures); 3 - Miocene volcanic complexes of the northern end of the Danakil Depression; 4 - predominantly Pliocene-Quaternary sediments of the coastal plains.

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6. Fig. 5. Scheme of similar correlation of the Red Sea rift zone of Arabia-Africa (a) and rifts of the offshore basins of South-West Africa (b) with complexes and structures of the pan-African crust. The diagram shows (Roman numerals) the belts of pan-African folding: I - Coaco; II - Gariep; III - Damara. 1-2 - complexes of the pan-African crust: 1 - lower-middle crust and gneiss, 2 - upper crust, granite-greenschist (dotted lines show the strike of the structures); 3 - pre-rift position of the western border of Arabia, 4 - pre-pan-African cratons, 5 - Permian-Gotteriv rifts in the pericontinental basins of South-West Africa.

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7. Fig. 6. Paleogeological scheme of distribution of Mesozoic-Paleogene sedimentary structures and Paleogene volcanogenic complexes in the areas of pre-rift junction of the southern part of the Arabian, African and Somali plates (according to [10, 20, 36, 53]). 1 - modern boundaries of the southern part of Arabia and Africa; 2 - paleo-boundaries of the southern part of Arabia (before its separation from Africa); 3 - faults of the Afar and Ethiopian rifts (Late Cenozoic); 4 - points of reference sections of the Mesozoic-Paleogene pre-rift sedimentary complex (thickness, km); 5 - isopachytes of sedimentary cover of Jurassic-Cretaceous and Paleogene age in the east and Jurassic age in the west (km); 6 - supposed faults; 7 - western boundary of the area of distribution of Paleozoic sediments; 8 - Paleocene-Eocene volcanics; 9 - conditional geographical grid tied to the paleoposition of Arabia; 10 - areas of distribution of sedimentary and volcanogenic complexes of Phanerozoic.

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8. Fig. 7. Paleogeological scheme of the area of pre-rift juxtaposition (Early-Middle Jurassic) of the southern part of the Arabian, African, and Somali plates (according to [20, 36]). 1 - modern boundaries of the southern part of Arabia and Africa; 2 - palaeo-boundaries of the southern part of Arabia (before its separation from Africa); 3 - faults of the Afar and Ethiopian rifts (Late Cenozoic); 4-5 - proposed boundary: 4 - eastern spread of (inferred) Lower Jurassic sediments, 5 - marine Early Jurassic Aldo-Mado Basin; 6 - main scour area; 7 - point of reference sections of the Lower-Middle Jurassic (thickness, m); 8 - Lower-Middle Jurassic sediments in the Western Basin (isopachytes, m); 9 - manifestations of basaltoid volcanism; 10 - direction of terrigenous material drift; 11 - conditional geographical grid, tied to the palaeo-position of Arabia; 12 - areas of distribution of sedimentary and volcanogenic complexes of the Phanerozoic.

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9. Fig. 8. Geodynamic model of the formation of the symmetric structure of the Red Sea rift at asymmetric separation of the Arabian and African plates. Sequence of synrift thinning: I - stretching, exhumation and synsedimentation deflection of the lower Pan-African crust; II - stretching of the Pan-African lithosphere. Denoted: Af - African lithospheric plate, Ar - Arabian plate. The conventional stages of stretching of the Red Sea rifts are shown (Arabic numerals in circles). 1-2 - layer of the Pan-African crust: 1 - upper, 2 - lower; 3 - axis of stretching: a - intra-plate, b - inter-plate (oceanic depression); 4 - complexes of rift deposits; 5-6 - Pan-African continental lithosphere: 5 - with granite-metamorphic layer, 6 - without granite-metamorphic layer; 7 - direction of the main flows of the asthenosphere.

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