卷 50, 编号 1 (2018)

The technology of creating “smart” thermoregulating clothing and prospects of its industrial production are considered. Features of phase change materials (PCMs) are shown along with the principles and methods of their microencapsulation and subsequent introduction of microcapsules into textiles. Analysis of production technologies and properties of thermoregulating materials was carried in terms of using them in the textile and light industry.

New designs of high-energy machine building units require materials with improved performance properties, especially for operating in high-temperature conditions. Heat-shielding materials based on refractory oxides have a number of advantages due to extremely low values of thermal conductivity and bulk density and high operating temperatures. At the current stage of technological development in the world, mass production and application of heat-shielding materials based on alumina and silica fibers have been mastered. Zirconium dioxide fibers with high refractory properties are used to create heat-shielding and heat-insulating materials for operating temperatures above 1600 °C. In this paper, an attempt was made to obtain zirconium dioxide fibers in two ways – by the sol-gel method and by electrospinning, to produce heat-insulating materials for high-temperature applications.

The formation of hydrogen bubbles resulting from electrochemical reactions between the solution for the spinning of aramid fibers and the with metals of the pump casing and gears produced in Ukraine was studied. This effect, which the author calls “hydrogenation of spinning solutions,” shortens the pump life and greatly reduces the quality of the fibers. The possibility of increasing the life of the metering gear pump used for the production of aramid fibers by means of a new pump design with casing and gearing made from composite materials based on a polymeric matrix developed by the author was investigated.

New polymer compounds of methacrylate guanidine with magnesium ions were synthesized and studied. IR spectroscopy and x-ray phase analysis were used to show that polymethacrylate guanidine and magnesium ions strongly interact with each other to form a new coordination compound. The metal-containing complexes are formed through intermolecular coordination of the metal ions with the oxygen atom of the carboxylate ion and nitrogen atom of the amino group of the guanidine fragment on the polymer surface. The antimicrobial activity of these metal complexes was studied relative to gram positive and gram negative test strains. The introduction of metal ions into polymethacrylate guanidine enhances the antimicrobial activity of these materials and expands the spectrum of their bactericidal action.

Organic-plastics based on a polyarylatesulfone reinforced with terlon organic fibers were developed. The content of fibrous filler was shown to affect the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the organic-plastics. Temperature dependences of these thermophysical characteristics were plotted and used as a basis to analyze molecular structural transformations in the studied materials.

The reaction of methacrylic acid and aminoguanidine (AG) synthesized monomeric water-soluble biocidal zwitterions ZiMAAG that were used for organic modification of unimodal nano-sized bentonite-E (75-80% montmorillonite) with low metal carbonate contents. A hybrid nanostructure bentonite-E/ZiMAAG was produced by radical polymerization in situ of ZiMAAG with ammonium persulfate [(NH₄)₂S₂O₈] as initiator. The new nanocomposite was studied by elemental analysis and thermal and physicochemical properties.

It was shown that by adding up to 10 wt. % of the stearates of mono- and divalent metals sodium, magnesium, calcium, or zinc it is possible to obtain fibers with diameters of 1-5 μm from a polypropylene melt, whereas the diameter of fibers from the pure polymer is larger than 20 μm. This is achieved as a result of the lower viscosity and higher electroconductivity of the molten polymer, where the greatest effect is observed with sodium stearate. It was established by x-ray structural analysis that the supermolecular structure of polypropylene in unwoven materials differs substantially from the structure of the original polymer: whereas the stable α form of the crystals is observed in the granule, the meso phase predominates in the unwoven materials. Notwithstanding the increased hydrophilicity of the films with the addition of the additives, the unwoven materials exhibit superhydrophobic characteristics.

Modification of freshly spun polyacrylonitrile fibers with flame retardants was shown to be effective. The flame-retardant composition was found to initiate cyclization in the fiber during pyrolysis and combustion. Material with better flame-retardant properties than modified conditioned fiber was produced.

It is proposed to use the difference of matrixes of two images for getting data on the shape of a scanned object. The possibility of application of an algorithm in leather industry for natural leather pattern cutting is explored. The types of noises and the method of their removal are given.

The problems of modernization of open and closed control system of an asynchronous electric drive are discussed.

Composites of polyamide 6 and modified montmorillonite were obtained by mixing the melt in a twin-screw extruder from Jiangsu Xinda Science and Technology. The structure of the resultant composites was studied by x-ray structural analysis and scanning electron microscopy. In comparison with unfilled polyamide, the elasticity modulus, toughness, and flow index of the composites were all found to be enhanced.