卷 48, 编号 3 (2016)

Features of the production in the solid state using shear stresses of biodegradable polymeric polysaccharide (cellulose, starch, chitin, chitosan, and ethylcellulose) composites with low-density polyethylene and polylactide were reviewed. The mechanical characteristics and biodegradability of the composites were determined as functions of the composition and nature of the used polysaccharides. A third component affected the physicomechanical characteristics of the composites and their biodegradability.

Thermochemical conversion of m-,p-aramid–polyacrylonitrile fibrous composites was investigated in the presence of small amounts of phosphorous compounds. Processes of polymer thermal transformation were characterized by thermogravimetry and oxygen index data. The basic laws of thermo-chemical transformations of the m-,p-aramid–polyacrylonitrile fibrous composites and their components in the presence of phosphorus compounds were determined. The most effective additives that achieve oxygen index value of 50% were determined.

The technical problem of creating elastic low modulus cellulose composites is solved by the introduction into the cellulose ether matrix of low molecular weight and high molecular weight plasticizers and a compatibilizing agent. By optical microscopy it is demonstrated that the structure of the obtained composite has the form of an interpenetrating polymer network. Using atomic force microscopy, composite microstructure is estimated, and compatibility of cellulose ether with rubber in the presence of a compatibilizer is demonstrated.

A multilayered composite that expanded the applications of electrospun fluoroplastic F-42 membranes was described. The supporting substrate was thermally bonded to the functional fluoroplastic membrane by a layer of nitrile-butadiene rubber and a transitional fibrous layer of a fluoroplastic—rubber mixture. A solvent system was selected after the thermodynamic quality of spinning solutions based on F-42/SKN-26 was studied. The physicomechanical and thermophysical characteristics of the functional composite layers were investigated.

The major types of carbon materials used for heat insulation in high-temperature furnaces are investigated. Such properties as density and heat conduction and a general scheme of heat insulation manufacture are cited. The effect of carbon residue content and density on the coefficient of thermal conductivity of heat insulating materials, such as carbon-carbon composites, is discussed and it is shown that relative deformation of the materials depends on their density.

Environmental contamination by oil products was examined. A method for producing a composite for absorption of oil products was proposed. The composite properties were investigated.

The principal applications of polymers in medicine and biology were examined. The current state of polymer materials science with respect to fabricating implantable and unimplantable medical and biological materials was analyzed. The types of polymers used in this area were noted.

Ecological and economic characteristics of wastewater treatment processes are studied by the example of assessment of effectiveness of synthetic and natural adsorbents and biocide flocculants. The norms for the maximum allowable discharge are calculated taking account of the achieved wastewater treatment quality indexes. Calculations of ecological hazard index that determines the adverse effect of highly concentrated wastewaters on the environment are presented. The effectiveness of nature protection measures for reducing the inflicted damage is shown.