卷 55, 编号 5-6 (2019)
- 年: 2019
- 文章: 27
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0009-2355/issue/view/14691
Article
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Volume 55, Number 5
Industrial Reactor for Processing Associated Petroleum Gas with Production of Hydrogen and Nanofibrous Carbon Material
摘要
The design of a reactor developed to process associated petroleum gas for producing hydrogen and nanofibrous carbon material is described. The catalytic pyrolysis parameters, based on which the technological scheme is developed, are chosen. The efficiency of the device for catalyst mixing in the reactor is proved by modeling method.
Vertical Adsorber for Separation of Butane Fraction
摘要
Some information is provided on industrial use of butane. Methods of its separation from gas mixtures are discussed. A new design of a device for adsorptive separation of gases is proposed. A notable difference of the design of the proposed adsorber from the existing designs is inclusion of a device for generating vibrations in the bulk of the loaded adsorbent, which reduces the loading density in the lower section of the adsorber. This technical solution helps improve the quality of butane separation from butane fraction and separate effectively other gas mixtures as well.
Analysis of the Performance of Industrial Adsorbers
摘要
The change of the pressure drop in a fixed bed of NаХ zeolite is considered depending on the flow rate of the incoming gas. A new method of adsorption gas purification with optimal performance mode of adsorber is proposed. The essence of the method is that while maintaining the pressure drop in the fixed bed of zeolite NaX, conditions are created for the possibility to completely exhaust the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent during adsorption of H2S/NO2 /CO2 gas mixtures. A system of equations describing the pressure drop during gas-phase adsorption in a fixed bed of the adsorbent is proposed.
Effect of Packing Type on Hydraulic Resistance of Contact Devices
摘要
Some patterns of influence of the packing type on hydraulic resistance of a contact device are shown on the example of a number of industrial, regular, structured and bulk packing materials.
Improving the Efficiency of a Gifford–Mcmahon Cryogenic Refrigerator
摘要
A numerical study of the performance of a single-stage Gifford–McMahon refrigerator was performed. A description of the mathematical model of the refrigerator operating with an unsteady flow of helium is given. Adequacy of the mathematical model was confirmed by comparing its results with published reliable data on tests of a refrigerator with cooling capacity of 30.2 W at 80 K. Using the wave approach, a method was developed that made it possible to study the time behavior of helium temperatures at direct and counter-flow helium blow at the regenerator inlet and outlet, as well as packing in its middle part. It is shown that for small amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, it is possible to reduce the length of the regenerator by 20–25% without diminishing its performance indicators. From the analysis of the operation of a single-stage cryogenic refrigerator, it is established that the main source of thermodynamic losses in it is the substantial non-equilibrium heat exchange between helium in the cold cavity and the wall of the working cylinder. A two-fold increase of heat transfer surface in the cold cavity will increase the cooling capacity of the refrigerator by 25%, i.e., up to 37.9 watts.
The Use of Energy Industry Waste as Sorption Material in the Purification of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate
摘要
The article proposes an adsorption technology for the treatment of salt wastewater and concentrate of reverse osmosis plants to remove sulfates and chlorides by multi-tonnage waste from the energy industry — chemical water treatment sludge formed at the wastewater pre-treatment stage. Curves of adsorption of sulfate and chloride ions by granular sorption material in dynamic conditions were obtained. According to the Shilov equation, the time and coefficient of protective action of the loading layer during adsorption purification from sulfate and chloride ions under dynamic conditions were calculated. The basic technological scheme of the pilot wastewater treatment plant and reverse osmosis concentrates of the plant at PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim is proposed. The economic benefit and prevented environmental damages implemented using this technology are calculated.
Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Volume 55, Number 6
Quantitative Analysis of the Spraying Kinetics of Charged Particles in a Cooling Unit
摘要
Efficient cooling of heat-generating equipment components is a crucial problem for many industrial sectors. This problem is traditionally solved by using liquid sprayers with low cooling efficiency (because of drop recoil). Electric sprayers were proposed for implementation into industry to avoid recoil of fragmented charged drops because of electrical attraction that provided a dense precipitate of drops on a heated conducting surface and further efficient cooling due to liquid evaporation. Fundamental physical laws are used to formulate a mathematical model (in analytical form) and to obtain a practically useful solution to the fragmentation of a test drop by inertial, electric-field, and surface-tension forces. Results of numerical and graphical simulation of this process are given.
Method for Predicting and Calculating Friction Coefficients and Kinetic Characteristics for Electrodialysis Separation of Industrial Solutions Containing Nickel Ions
摘要
A method for predicting and calculating friction coefficients and kinetic characteristics for electrodialysis separation of industrial solutions containing nickel ions was developed. Approximations for predicting friction coefficients that could then be used to calculate kinetic characteristics for electrodialysis separation of industrial solutions were obtained using the developed method. The discrepancy between experimental and theoretically calculated data was estimated in most instances at ≤ 5%, indicating that the developed method was acceptable for use.
Development of a Mixer Design Using Numerical Methods to Calculate Flow Hydrodynamics in the Working Volume
摘要
The influence of the location of inlet nozzles for a secondary liquid stream on the flow structure in the working volume of ejection mixers used to produce water-in-oil emulsions was studied using numerical methods. The parameters and physical properties of a working medium corresponding to those of process oil supplied to industrial electrical desalting plants were calculated using the SST k –ω turbulence model. The ergonomics of the developed apparatuses could be preliminarily evaluated by using numerical methods to analyze the distribution of velocity and pressure fields in the working volume. An even number of inlet pipes for the secondary reagent that were located opposite each other improved the mixing conditions in the mixers and used the energy of the primary stream to produce turbulence and disperse secondary-reagent streams.
Novel Construction of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
摘要
A new design of a liquid ring vacuum pump is developed providing kinematic closure of the rotating sleeve blades and impeller blades. The design allows to maintain a constant gear ratio from the sleeve to the impeller during interaction of one pair of blades, and as a result, to reduce dynamic loads on the components of the liquid ring vacuum pump, to smooth its operation, and to ensure stability of the liquid ring shape. Structural differences and hydrodynamic features of fluid flow in the working cavity are compared for a liquid ring vacuum pump with a stationary casing and with kinematic closure. It has been established that power consumption for the evacuation process is reduced on average by 35% (by approximately 36 % due to a decrease of the area of bladeless space, and by up to 40% due to a decrease in the friction forces of the fluid in the bladeless space).
Studies of the Effect of Leaks of the Working Chamber on the Working Process of Long-Stroke Ultra-Low-Speed Piston Compressor and Pump Units
摘要
This article presents the results of studies of the influence of leaks in the working chamber of long-stroke ultra-low-speed units on its working process. The leakages of the working chamber are determined by the value of the conditional clearance in the valves and the cylinder-piston seal. The paper confirms the significant influence of the values of conditional clearances on the integral characteristics of ultra-low-speed long-stroke stages of piston compressor units and estimates the share of the influence of leaks through valves and piston seals on the total volume of leaks.
Classification of Means of Enhancement of Heat Transfer from the Outer Surface of Pipes (Survey of Patents)
摘要
A classification of means of enhancing heat exchange from the outer surface of individual and grouped pipes is proposed. The most characteristic designs proposed by domestic and foreign designers and inventors along with their advantages and drawbacks are considered.
Control of a Shale-Shaker Electrical Drive System
摘要
A method for controlling a shale-shaker electrical drive system that enables trajectory changes of the shaker frame to be minimized is described. The control method is based on using a self-synchronization effect. The trajectories of the shaker frame are determined indirectly by the phase shift angles of the unbalanced rotation. The phase shift angle of unbalanced vibration exciter rotation was controlled by changing the effective phase stresses. The proposed control method could significantly expand the technological capabilities of drilling shale shakers.
Research, Design, Numerical Analyses, and Operating Experience
Design and Calculation of Effective Separation Area of Flat-Chamber Electrobaromembrane Equipment
摘要
A flat-chamber type of electrobaromembrane separation equipment is designed. A method is developed to calculate the effective separation area of the equipment that enables determination of the total performing area of the membranes for separating solutions and the usable area of cathode- and anode-adjoining membranes.
Design of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Processing Hardware
摘要
The process of obtaining sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from cotton cellulose is discussed. Conceptual and processing-equipment diagrams are presented. The technological process and used equipment are described.
Cryogenic Equipment, Production and Application of Industrial Gases. Vacuum Technology
Gas Chromatography in Technology of High-Purity Noble Gases
摘要
The article presents the classification of the gas stream contaminant types in noble gas enrichment and purification units. For the safe and efficient system operation, it is necessary to choose the right method of multicomponent mixture separation and the optimal corresponding equipment operating parameters, also to offer a method to verify the absence of the undesirable contaminant in the gas stream. The methods to control the obtaining of required noble gas purity during cryogenic rectification are indicated. Application of various gas analysis methods is necessary to obtain high purity (up to 99.9999%) gases: gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and their combination. The effect of the state of various components of a gas chromatograph on the analysis result are discussed. Recommendations are provided for noble gas analysis methodology, including the conditions for the determination of trace impurities. The article presents examples of practical application of gas chromatography to control the processes of noble gas enrichment and purification, using the example of production of pure xenon.
Compressors, Pumps, and Pipeline Fittings
A Generalized Approach to the Analysis of Feed Unevenness in Displacement Pumps
摘要
A generalized approach to the analysis of feed unevenness in positive displacement pumps is considered. A procedure for calculating the working processes in chambers of constant or variable volume in a discharge line as well as a nonstationary one-dimensional gas flow in a discharge pipe is developed. Boundary conditions are defined. Nonstationary one-dimensional flow is calculated by the method of “characteristics.” By means of a numerical experiment, variations in the pressure in the working chambers and along the length of the pipe as a function of the turning angle of the shaft are established. On the basis of pressure fluctuation in a discharge pipe, it is proved that the feed unevenness significantly exceeds the magnitude of the feed unevenness determined when the pressure fluctuation is not taken into account.
Thermodynamic Foundations of Working Processes in Positive-Displacement Machines Designed for Compression of Two-Phase, Two-Component Working Fluids
摘要
A mathematical model of the working processes in positive-displacement machines designed to compress two-phase, two-component working fluids is developed on the basis of the general laws of conservation of energy, mass, volume and motion. A mathematical model of the working processes of a hybrid piston power machine where there is a layer of liquid above the piston in the compressor section is given. Two open thermodynamic systems (gas and droplet liquid) in the presence of deformation and thermal interactions are considered.
Accessories and Devices
Influence of Temperature of Working Medium on Airtightness of a Detachable Joint
摘要
The airtightness of a detachable joint depends on the load on its sealing surfaces and is determined by the magnitude of the leakage of the sealing medium or its viscosity, where the value of the latter depends on temperature. When a gas is heated, leakage decreases, while when a liquid is heated, leakage increases. An analysis of the influence of temperature on the airtightness of detachable joints is presented and recommendations are given for reducing this effect.
Hydrostatic Analyzer of Hydrochloric Acid Solution
摘要
The design of a hydrostatic analyzer of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions with concentrations up to 40 mass% is reviewed. Its metrological characteristics are determined. The device features a simple design and has high metrological characteristics, low energy consumption, and can be used under production conditions as an alternative to other analyzers of HCl solutions.
Automation of Numerical Analyses and Design
Analysis of Potential for Use of Modern Computer Technologies for Studying the Hydrodynamics of an Incompressible Fluid in the Workspace of an Apparatus
摘要
An analysis of the potential for the use of modern computer technologies in the study of the hydrodynamics in the workspace of devices by means of numerical methods using the Salome–Meca numerical simulation preprocessor for model creation, the Code–Saturne processor for calculation of hydrodynamic models, and the Paraview post-processor for display and analysis of the results is presented. The range of applicability of laminar, k−ε, and k−ω SST turbulent models of fluid flow for simulation of the hydrodynamics of an incompressible fluid in the workspace of a test model with different Reynolds numbers is revealed based on a comparison of the present results with results of analytical calculations. Use of the k−ω SST turbulence model for simulation of the workspace of mixers with internal diameter from 50 to 200 mm in the range of Reynolds numbers from 7 · 103 to 2 · 106 with number of grid cells greater than 2 · 105 is recommended.
Standardization of Statement of Multiproduct Chemical Plant Designing Problems
摘要
Standardized statement of multiproduct chemical plant designing problems in the form of graphs based on calculation of the number and critical dimensions of the apparatuses for each stage, optimization of design and operation characteristics of the equipment, placing of equipment in the plant premises, and pipelines layout is proposed. The proposed standardization helps reduce the cost and time for building and maintaining a single information space of the system of computer-aided designing of multiproduct chemical plants.
Safety. Diagnostics. Maintenance
Assessment of Functional Capacity of Metallic Articles Following Long-Term Service
摘要
A method of non-destructive testing for evaluation of the state of the material of metallic articles in the course of service is described. The method is based on control of plastic hardness.
Industrial Ecology
Use of Granulated Blast-Furnace Slags for Purification of Gaseous Combustion Products and Air from Hazardous Components
摘要
A new adsorbent for removing hazardous components from gaseous combustion products and air was developed. Experimental data for purification of flue gases from nitrogen oxides using the new adsorbent, granulated blast-furnace slag, and technical solutions based on it for purification of flue gases of autonomous and central heating plants, outdoor air conditioners, and air purifiers are presented.
Correction
Correction to: Combined System for Degassing Working Fluid and Pump Charging
摘要
The affiliation for the authors is incorrect. The affiliation should read
The Siberian Federal University, Institute of Oil and Gas, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.