Practical recommendations for neonatologists and pediatricians “Congenital ureaplasma, mycoplasma and chlamidia infections” (Draft of clinical recommendations for discussion by specialists)

封面

如何引用文章

全文:

开放存取 开放存取
受限制的访问 ##reader.subscriptionAccessGranted##
受限制的访问 订阅存取

详细

Congenital chlamydia infection develops as a result of the intranatal transmission of the pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis from mother to fetus, more often occurs in the form of conjunctivitis, symptoms of which appear in the second to third weeks of a child’s life, or atypical pneumonia developing at 2–3 months of an infant’s life. The clinical picture of the pneumonia is characterized by an obsessive paroxysmal whooping pertussis-like cough with a moderately pronounced symptom of intoxication. Rare manifestations and complications of chlamydial infection in the form of encephalitis, myocarditis, recurrent otitis media in children under 6 months of age are described. Congenital ureaplasma and mycoplasma infection caused by pathogenic or opportunistic types of urogenital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas more often occurs in the form of atypical pneumonia, which develops in 2–3 weeks of a child’s life. It is characterized by a gradual onset with catarrhal syndrome with the addition of a dry, intense paroxysmal cough with a moderately pronounced intoxication syndrome. In premature infants, the course of the disease is more severe, cases of meningitis, sepsis, and myocarditis have been described. Ureaplasma infection is one of the independent risk factors for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy in premature infants. The main criterion for the diagnosis of congenital ureaplasma, mycoplasma or chlamydia infection is the isolation of the deoxyribonucleic acid of the pathogen in biological media by polymerase chain reaction in the presence of clinical and/or laboratory data For the treatment of chlamydia, ureaplasma and mycoplasma infections in newborns and young children, antibacterial drugs from the macrolide group are used in most cases The duration of the course of therapy and the method of administration depends on the severity of the clinical manifestations of infection in the child, the results of laboratory and instrumental studies.

作者简介

Dmitry Ivanov

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: spb@gpma.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0060-4168
SPIN 代码: 4437-9626

MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Neonatology with Courses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education, Rector

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Elena Bem

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: e.bohm@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-9337-5667
SPIN 代码: 2811-5938

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Alexandra Panchenko

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: sashawomen18@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2313-3941
SPIN 代码: 9552-2350

MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Ekaterina Balashova

Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology

Email: katbl99@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3741-0770
SPIN 代码: 1335-1489

MD, PhD, Assistant of the Department of Neonatology

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

Galina Chumakova

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: zelchum-neo@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5353-4610
SPIN 代码: 1821-0198

MD, PhD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Marina Levadneva

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: m-lev11@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6716-7567
SPIN 代码: 2780-6674

Head of the Department of Newborn Physiology at the Perinatal Center, Assistant of the of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Irina Myznikova

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: irinayurko2014@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8624-1854

Head of the Department of Pathology of Newborns and Young Children of the Perinatal Center, Assistant of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Svetlana Pavlova

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: svetlanapav.spb@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5423-0950
SPIN 代码: 1761-4768

Assistant Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Larisa Romanova

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: l_romanova2011@mail.ru
SPIN 代码: 6460-5491

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Larisa Fedorova

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: arslarissa@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9747-762X
SPIN 代码: 5474-0902

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Neonatology with Сourses in Neurology and Obstetrics-Gynecology of the Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Ekaterina Yakovleva

Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University

Email: eeiakovleva@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0270-0217
SPIN 代码: 6728-7340

MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Associate Professor of the Department of Pharmacology with the Course of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoeconomics

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

参考

  1. Association of Infectious Disease Physicians of St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region (AVISPO), Euro-Asian Society for Infectious Diseases (EASID). Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Pneumonia caused by chlamydia in children and adults. ICD10: J16.0. Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; 2019. 41 p. (In Russ.)
  2. All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists”, All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists”. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Urogenital diseases caused by Mycoplasma genitalium. Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; 2023. 33 p. (In Russ.)
  3. All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists”, All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists”. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Chlamydia infection (Urogenital). ICD code A56 / A74. Ministry of health of the Russian Federation; 2023. 41 p. (In Russ.)
  4. Kubanov AA, Bogdanova EV. Dermatovenereologic health care delivery management in the Russian Federation. Results of 2018. Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii. 2019;95(4):8–23. doi: 10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-4-8-23 EDN: GPRIJE
  5. Lobzin YuV, Pozdnyak AL, Sidorchuk SN. Chlamydial infections. Diagnosis, clinic, treatment, rehabilitation. Manual for doctors. Saint Petersburg: “Publishing house FOLIANT”; 2010. 488 p. EDN: ZFZLFX (In Russ.)
  6. Savenkova MS, Savenkov MP. Topical issues concerning treatment of intracellular bacterial pathogens in children. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(4):326–335. doi: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-4-326-335 EDN: OPIHAW
  7. American Academy of Pediatrics. Chlamydia trachomatis. In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, editors. Red book: 2021–2024 report of the committee on infectious diseases, 32nd ed. AAP Books; 2024. 1261 p.
  8. Ansari NS, Asztalos E, Rolnitsky A. Mycoplasma hominis meningitis in an extremely preterm newborn: a case report. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02532-3
  9. Balla E, Donders GGG, Petrovay F, Urbán E. Seroprevalence of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgM in neonatal respiratory tract infections in Hungary. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(8):1114–1117. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000557
  10. Balla E, Petrovay F. Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in neonates. In: Mares M, editor. Chlamydia. IntechOpen; 2012. P. 133–156. doi: 10.5772/31007
  11. Balla E, Petrovay F, Erdosi T, et al. Distribution of chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in neonatal conjunctivitis in Hungary. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(7):915–918. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000523
  12. Ballard HO, Shook LA, Bernard P, et al. Use of azithromycin for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(2):111–118. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21352
  13. Bell TA, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, et al. Direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody stain for rapid detection of infant Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Pediatrics. 1984;74(2):224–228.
  14. Bell TA, Stamm WE, Kuo CC, et al. Risk of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by mode of delivery. J Infect. 1994;29(2):165–169. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(94)90674-2
  15. Bell TA, Stamm WE, Wang SP, et al. Chronic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants. JAMA. 1992;267(3):400–402. doi: 10.1001/jama.267.3.400
  16. Bertsche A, Wagner MH, Bollmann R, et al. An unusual manifestation of a neonatal Chlamydia infection. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(8):948–949. doi: 10.1177/0883073808315443
  17. Biran V, Dumitrescu AM, Doit C, et al. Ureaplasma parvum meningitis in a full-term newborn. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(12):1154. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181f69013
  18. Blas MM, Canchihuaman FA, Alva IE, Hawes SE. Pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis: a population-based cohort study in Washington State. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83(4):314–318. doi: 10.1136/sti.2006.022665
  19. Butranova OI, Ushkalova EA, Zyryanov SK, Chenkurov MS. Developmental pharmacokinetics of antibiotics used in neonatal ICU: Focus on preterm infants. Biomedicines. 2023;11(3):940. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11030940
  20. Capoccia R, Greub G, Baud D. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(3):231–240. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328360db58
  21. www.cdc.gov [Internet]. Centers for disease control and prevention. sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2023 [cited 25 Oct 2024]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/annual/summary.html
  22. Chen CJ, Wu KG, Tang RB, et al. Characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in hospitalized infants with lower respiratory tract infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007;40(3):255–259.
  23. Civardi E, Garofoli F, Mazzucchelli I, et al. Enteral nutrition and infections: the role of human milk. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90(S1): S57–S59. doi: 10.1016/S0378-3782(14)70019-2
  24. Darville T. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in neonates and young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16(4):235–244. doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.004
  25. BenEzra D. Blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Editonal glosa, 2006. 248 p.
  26. Di Paolo A, Gori G, Tascini C, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(7):511–542. doi: 10.1007/s40262-013-0062-9
  27. Eberly MD, Eide MB, Thompson JL, Nylund CM. Azithromycin in early infancy and pyloric stenosis. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):483–488. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2026
  28. Fobe C, Van Grambezen B, Moniotte S, et al. Torsade de pointe due to QT prolongation following erythromycin administration in a preterm infant. Acta Cardiol. 2022;77(7):597–601. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2021.1968153
  29. Gerber S, Vial Y, Hohlfeld P, Witkin SS. Detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in second-trimester amniotic fluid by polymerase chain reaction correlates with subsequent preterm labor and delivery. J Infect Dis. 2003;187(3):518–521. doi: 10.1086/368205
  30. Pacifici GM. Clinical pharmacology of macrolides in infants and children. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2022;46(1):7302. doi: 10.26717/BJSTR.2022.46.007302
  31. Givner LB, Rennels MB, Woodward CL, Huang S-W. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infant delivered by cesarean section. Pediatrics. 1981;68(3):420–411. doi: 10.1542/peds.68.3.420
  32. González-Fernández MD, Escarcega-Tame MA, Lopez-Hurtado M, et al. Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in newborns with respiratory distress. An Pediatr (Engl Ed). 2023;98(6): 436–445. doi: 10.1016/j.anpede.2023.04.010
  33. Gwee A, Chinnappan M, Starr M, et al. Ureaplasma meningitis and subdural collections in a neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(9):1043–1044. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31829ae285
  34. Hammerschlag MR, Kohlhoff SA. Chlamydia infections. In: Feigin RD, Cherry J, Demmler-Harrison GJ, editors. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2018. P. 1952–1962.
  35. Hata A, Honda Y, Asada K, et al. Mycoplasma hominis meningitis in a neonate: case report and review. J Infect. 2008;57(4):338–343. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.002
  36. He X-y, Wang X-b, Zhang R, et al. Investigation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric population from 12,025 cases with respiratory infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75(1):22–27. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.08.027
  37. Heggie AD, Jaffe A, Stuart LA, et al. Topical sulfacetamide vs oral erythromycin for neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139(6):564–566. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140080034027
  38. Heggie AD, Lumicao GG, Stuart LA, Gyves MT. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mothers and infants. A prospective study. Am J Dis Child. 1981;135(6):507–511. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130300007005
  39. Huang F, Lu L, Jiang W, et al The epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in neonates. Вraz J Infect Dis. 2016;20(4):374–378. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.04.008
  40. Jang M-O, Jang H-C, Kim UJ, et al. Outcome of intravenous azithromycin therapy in patients with complicated scrub typhus compared with that of doxycycline therapy using propensity-matched analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(3):1488–1493. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01996-13
  41. Jonduo ME, Vallely LM, Wand H, et al. Adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12(8): e062990. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062990
  42. Jouglet M, Wuillaume I, Buchs C, et al. Neonatal low respiratory tract chlamydia trachomatis infection: Diagnostic and treatment management. Respir Med Case Rep. 2019;28:100852. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100852
  43. Kitajima H, Fujimura M, Takeuchi M, et al. Intrauterine Ureaplasma is associated with small airway obstruction in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(11):2763–2773. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26098
  44. Kumar S, Maria A, Saigal SR, Maheshwari M. Mycoplasma pneumoniae as a cause of non-resolving pneumonia in a neonate. J Med Microbiol. 2010;59(6):731–732. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.017491-0
  45. Lapidaire W, Lucas A, Clayden JD, et al. Human milk feeding and cognitive outcome in preterm infants: the role of infection and NEC reduction. Pediatr Res. 2022;91(5):1207–1214. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01367-z
  46. Lowe J, Watkins WJ, Edwards MO, et al. Association between pulmonary Ureaplasma colonization and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33(7):697–702. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000239
  47. Ma J, Wang Z, Luo C, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of neonatal Ureaplasma urealyticum infection. Infect Drug Resist. 2024;17:1323–1332. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S452014
  48. Martín-Begué N, Frick MA, Alarcón S, et al. Conjuntivitis neonatal. Acta Estrabológica. 2017;46(2):159–164 (In Spanish).
  49. Merchan LM, Hassan HE, Terrin ML, et al. Pharmacokinetics, microbial response, and pulmonary outcomes of multidose intravenous azithromycin in preterm infants at risk for Ureaplasma respiratory colonization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):570–578. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03951-14
  50. Mishra KN, Bhardwaj P, Mishra A, Kaushik A. Acute Chlamydia trachomatis respiratory infection in infants. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3(3):216–220. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.83525
  51. Morioka I, Fujibayashi H, Enoki E, et al. Congenital pneumonia with sepsis caused by intrauterine infection of Ureaplasma parvum in a term newborn: a first case report. J Perinatol. 2010;30(5):359–362. doi: 10.1038/jp.2009.145
  52. Motomura K, Romero R, Xu Y, et al. Intraamniotic infection with Ureaplasma parvum causes preterm birth and neonatal mortality that are prevented by treatment with clarithromycin. mBio. 2020;11(3):e00797–20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00797-20
  53. Numazaki K, Chiba S, Yamanaka T, et al. Pneumonia due to Chlamydia trachomatis in Japanese infants. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1984;143(4):413–420. doi: 10.1620/tjem.143.413
  54. Numazaki K. Current problems of perinatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections. J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2004;2(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1476-8518-2-4
  55. Nunes CR, Procianoy RS, Corso AL, Silveira RC. Use of azithromycin for the prevention of lung injury in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates: A randomized controlled trial. Neonatology. 2020;117(4):522–528. doi: 10.1159/000509462
  56. Ollikainen J, Hiekkaniemi H, Korppi M, et al. Ureaplasma urealyticum infection associated with acute respiratory insufficiency and death in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1993;122(5):756–760. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(06)80022-3
  57. Ozdemir R, Sari FN, Tunay ZO, et al. The association between respiratory tract Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and severe retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants ≤1250 g. Eye. 2012;26: 992–996. doi: 10.1038/eye.2012.77
  58. Pellowe C, Pratt RJ. Neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia due to chlamydia infection. Infant. 2006;2(1):16–17.
  59. Pierro M, Van Mechelen K, Van Westering-Kroon E, et al. Endotypes of prematurity and phenotypes of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: toward personalized neonatology. J Pers Med. 2022;12(5):687. doi: 10.3390/jpm12050687
  60. Popovich DC, McAlhany A. Practitioner care and screening guidelines for infants born to chlamydia-positive mothers. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2004;4(1):51–55. doi: 10.1053/j.nainr.2003.12.004
  61. Rittenschober-Böhm J, Waldhoer T, Shulz SM, et al. First trimester vaginal Ureaplasma biovar colonization and preterm birth: results of a prospective multicenter study. Neonatology. 2018;113(1):1–6. doi: 10.1159/000480065
  62. Rosenman MB, Mahon BE, Downs SM, Kleiman MB. Oral erythromycin prophylaxis vs watchful waiting in caring for newborns exposed to Chlamydia trachomatis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(6):565–571. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.157.6.565
  63. Samonini А, Grosse С, Aschero A, et al. Congenital pneumonia owing to mycoplasma pneumonia. J Pediatr. 2018;203:460–460.E1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.055
  64. Sancak S, Gursoy T, Tuten A, et al. A pioneering study: oral clarithromycin treatment for feeding intolerance in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(8):988–992. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1304908
  65. Sanchez PJ, Regan JA. Vertical transmission of Ureaplasma urealyticum from mothers to preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990;9(6):398–401. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199006000-00006
  66. Schaefer C, Peters P, Miller RK. Drugs during Pregnancy and Lactation. Treatment options and risk assessment. UK–USA, 2007. 875 p.
  67. Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK Jr. Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(12):1033–1039. doi: 10.1097/01.inf.0000190632.31565.83
  68. Schelonka RL, Waites KB. Ureaplasma infection and neonatal lung disease. Semin Perinatol. 2007;31(1):2–9. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.01.001
  69. See H, Lachenaud J, Alberti C, et al. Outcome of very preterm infants with Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma airway colonization treated with josamycine. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(4):625–626. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01658.x
  70. Silwedel C, Speer CP, Härtel C, Glaser K. Ureaplasma-driven neuroinflammation in neonates: Assembling the puzzle pieces. Neonatology. 2020;117(6):665–672. doi: 10.1159/000512019
  71. Smith C, Egunsola O, Choonara I, et al. Use and safety of azithromycin in neonates: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12): e008194. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008194
  72. Smith J, Taylor-Robinson D. Infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and the newborn. Baillières Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;7(1):237–255. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80154-3
  73. Sollecito D, Midulla M, Bavastrelli M, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis in neonatal respiratory distress of very preterm babies: biphasic clinical picture. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81(10):788–791. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12104.x
  74. Sprong KE, Mabenge M, Wright CA, Govender S. Ureaplasma species and preterm birth: current perspectives. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2020;46(2):169–181. doi: 10.1080/1040841X.2020.1736986
  75. Stol K, Jans J, Ott de Bruin L, et al. Perinatal infections with ureaplasma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021;40(5S):S26–S30. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002859
  76. Sun T, Fu J. Analysis of the clinical features of intrauterine ureaplasma urealyticum infection in preterm infants: A case-control study. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:774150. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.774150
  77. Sung T-J. Ureaplasma infections in pre-term infants: Recent information regarding the role of Ureaplasma species as neonatal pathogens. Korean J Pediatr. 2010;53(12):989–993. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2010.53.12.989
  78. Tiller CM. Chlamydia during pregnancy: Implications and impact on perinatal and neonatal outcomes. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2002;31(1):93–98. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00027.x
  79. Tipple MA, Beem MO, Saxon EM. Clinical characteristics of the afebrile pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in infants less than 6 months of age. Pediatrics. 1979;63(2): 192–197. doi: 10.1542/peds.63.2.192
  80. Van Mechelen K, van Westering-Kroon E, Hütten M, et al. Placing ureaplasma within the context of bronchopulmonary dysplasia endotypes and phenotypes. Children. 2023;10(2):256. doi: 10.3390/children10020256
  81. Viscardi RM. Ureaplasma species: Role in diseases of prematurity. Clin Perinatol. 2010;37(2):393–409. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2009.12.003
  82. Viscardi RM. Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99(1):F87–92. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351
  83. Viscardi RM, Hashmi N, Gross GW, et al. Incidence of invasive ureaplasma in VLBW infants: relationship to severe intraventricular hemorrhage. J Perinatol. 2008;28(11):759–765. doi: 10.1038/jp.2008.98
  84. Viscardi RM, Terrin ML, Magder LS, et al. Randomised trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2020;105(6):F615–F622. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318122
  85. Viscardi RM, Kallapur SG. Role of Ureaplasma respiratory tract colonization in bronchopulmonary dysplasia pathogenesis: Current concepts and update. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(4):719–738. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2015.08.003
  86. Waites KB, Katz B, Schelonka RL. Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as neonatal pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:757–789. doi: 10.1128/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005
  87. Waites KB, Schelonka RL, Xiao L, et al. Congenital and opportunistic infections: Ureaplasma species and Mycoplasma hominis. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14(4):190–199. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2008.11.009
  88. Wang Q, Wang K, Yuanbo Z, et al. Neonatal Ureaplasma parvum meningitis: A case report and literature review. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(2):174–179. doi: 10.21037/tp.2020.02.04
  89. Weinstock H, Dean D, Bolan G. Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1994;8(4):797–819. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30627-9
  90. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for the treatment of chlamydia trachomatis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
  91. Xi M, Cui S, Zhong Y-L, et al. Meningitis in neonate caused by Mycoplasma hominis: A case report. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e23489. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23489
  92. Yip P-P, Chan W-h, Yip K-t, et al. The use of polymerase chain reaction assay versus conventional methods in detecting neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008;45(4):234–239. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20080701-17
  93. Zar HJ. Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7(2):103–110. doi: 10.2165/00148581-200507020-00003
  94. Zikic A, Schünemann H, Wi T, et al. Treatment of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(3):e107–e115. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piy060

补充文件

附件文件
动作
1. JATS XML
下载

版权所有 © Eco-Vector, 2024

Creative Commons License
此作品已接受知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0国际许可协议的许可。
 


Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».