Latest technologies of diagnostics and treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system

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This lesson outlines the latest data on bone structure and physiology, as well as those related to the mechanisms of bone development and regeneration. The most common diseases of musculoskeletal system are caused by genetic and metabolic disorders, infectious agents, andmechanical stress, all of which are discussed. Innovative technologies for diagnosing osteoporosis (X-ray absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography (QCT), ultrasonic bone densitometry, etc.) are shown. The joints diseases (arthropathies) followed by inflammation are highlighted. The basic principles of conservative and surgical treatment of arthrosis are explored. Different types of bone injuries caused by mechanical stress are thoroughly described as well as the latest technologies and equipment used in modern trauma centers. Basic orthopedic aids for disabled patients are listed. The main directions for improving the diagnosis and conservative treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as methods for prosthetics of large joints are described.

作者简介

Alexander Tyukavin

Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: alexander.tukavin@pharminnotech.com

Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Head of the Department of Physiology and Pathology

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Alexander Solomennikov

Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: aleksandr.solomennikov@pharminnotech.com

Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor of the Department of Physiology and Pathology

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Sergei Umarov

Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: sergei.umarov@pharminnotech.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0771-6143

Doctor of Pharmacy, Professor, Head of the Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Commodity Science

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

参考

  1. Pathology / A. I. Tyukavin, A. G. Vasiliev, T. D. Vlasov [and others]. – Moscow: Limited Liability Company “Scientific Publishing Center INFRA-M”, 2020. – 844 p. – (Higher education: Specialist). – ISBN 978-5-16-016260-7. – doi: 10.12737/1090595. (In Russ.).
  2. Hereditary metabolic diseases / R. N. Mustafin, E. V. Saifullina, S. Sh. Murzabayeva [and others]. – Ufa: Bashkir State Medical University, 2020. – 89 p. (In Russ.).
  3. Verbovoy A. F. Osteoporosis: the current state of the problem / A.F. Verbovoy, A.V. Pashentseva, L.A. Sharonova // Therapeutic archive. – 2017. – T. 89, No. 5. – S. 90–97. – doi: 10.17116/terarkh201789590-97. (In Russ.).
  4. Osteoporosis: diagnosis, prevention and treatment / ed. O. M. Lesnyak, L. I. Benevolensky. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional. – Moscow: GEOTAR-Media, 2009. – (Clinical recommendations / Russian assoc. on osteoporosis). – ISBN 978-5-9704-0954-1. (In Russ.).
  5. Botkina A. S. Rickets in young children: new about the old / A. S. Botkina // Pediatric practice. – 2016. – No. 4. – P. 4–10. (In Russ.).
  6. Avrunin A. S. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia – clinical and diagnostic problems / A. S. Avrunin // Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. – 2014. – No. 4 (74). – S. 68–76. (In Russ.).
  7. Stogov M. V., Leonchuk D. S., Kljushin N. M., Tushina N. V. Laboratornye kriterii monitoringa patologicheskogo processau bol’nyh s hronicheskim osteomielitom goleni na jetapah vosstanovitel’nogo lechenija // Genij ortopedii. 2017. – T. 23. – № 3. – S. 346–350. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2017-23-3-346-350. (In Russ.).
  8. Kotel’nikov G. P. Travmatologija. Nacional’noe rukovodstvo / pod red. G. P. Kotel’nikova, S. P. Mironova. – Moskva : GJeOTAR-Media, 2017. – 528 s. – ISBN 978-5-9704-4221-0. – Tekst : jelektronnyj // URL : https://www.rosmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970442210.html. (In Russ.).
  9. Zagorodnij N. V. Jendoprotezirovanie tazobedrennogo sustava. Osnovy i praktika : rukovodstvo / Zagorodnij N. V. – Moskva: GJeOTAR-Media, 2012. – 704 s. – ISBN 978-5-9704-2225-0. – Tekst: jelektronnyj // URL : https://www.rosmedlib.ru/ book/ISBN9785970422250.html. (In Russ.).
  10. Zorya V. I. Deforming arthrosis of the knee joint: a guide for doctors / V. I. Zorya, G. D. Lazishvili, D. E. Shpakovsky; V. I. Zorya, G. D. Lazishvili, D. E. Shpakovsky. – Moscow: Litterra, 2010. – 320 p. – ISBN 978-5-904090-76-0. (In Russ.).
  11. Comprehensive treatment of a patient with multiple vertebral fractures in the thoracic spine / S. V. Vissarionov, I. V. Pavlov, M. G. Gusev, G. A. Lein // Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. – 2012. – No. 2 (64). – S. 91–95. (In Russ.).
  12. First aid for bruises, dislocations and fractures: Educational and practical guide. - Kurgan: Kurgan State University, 2016. – 100 p. – ISBN 978-5-4217-0350-1. (In Russ.).
  13. Epifanov V. A. Reabilitacija v travmatologii i ortopedii / V. A. Epifanov, A. V. Epifanov. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – Moskva : GJeOTAR-Media, 2015. – 416 s. – ISBN 978-5-9704-3445-1. – Tekst : jelektronnyj // URL: https://www.rosmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970434451.html. (In Russ.).

补充文件

附件文件
动作
1. JATS XML
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2. Fig. 1. Types and functions of the bones of the trunk and limbs

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3. Fig. 2. The structure of bones

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4. Fig. 3. Osteogenic cells: from left to right – osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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5. Fig. 4. Human skeleton

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6. Fig. 5. Violation of the structure of bones in osteoporosis

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7. Fig. 6. Paget’s disease. lower extremity injury

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8. Fig. 7. Expected increase in the number of hip fractures associated with osteoporosis in all countries of the world

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9. Fig. 8. Deformation of the bones of the skeleton in osteoporosis in women in menopause

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10. Fig. 9. Osteoporosis of the vertebrae and femoral neck

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11. Fig. 10. Projected increase in femoral neck fractures in Russia from 2010 to 2035 – low bone mineral density – the presence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in the next of kin

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12. Fig. 11. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

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13. Fig. 12. Mono-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry – MEXA (Mono-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)

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14. Fig. 13. Quantitative computed tomography – QCT (Quantitative Computed Tomography)

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15. Fig. 14. Deformation of parts of the skeleton and delayed closure of the large fontanel in rickets

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16. Fig. 15. Deformation of the skeleton in osteomalacia (rickets in adults)

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17. Fig. 16. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the leg

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18. Fig. 17. Chronic osteomyelitis of lower leg

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19. Fig. 18. Chronic gunshot osteomyelitis of the thigh. 1 – sequester; 2 – purulent cavity; 3 – purulent streaks; 4 – free bone fragment; 5 – wound channel; 6 – regenerating bone tissue

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20. Fig. 19. Osteoarthritis of the hip joint (coxarthrosis)

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21. Fig. 20. MRI modeling and frontal image of the knee joint in osteoarthritis

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22. Fig. 21. Knee replacement for osteoarthritis

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23. Fig. 22. Femoral implant placement technique

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24. Fig. 23. Hip replacement for osteoarthritis (above). X-rays of the hip and knee joints after prosthetics (below)

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25. Fig. 24. Types of simple bone fractures

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26. Fig. 25. Open fracture of the leg

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27. Fig. 26. Pathological ankle fracture in osteoporosis

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28. Fig. 27. Scheme of the healing process of bone fractures

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29. Fig. 28. Ununited fractures of the bones of the leg

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30. Fig. 29. Device for the treatment of fractures of the clavicle

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31. Fig. 30. Orthopedic complex for fracture repositions

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32. Fig. 31. Technique of osteometallosynthesis for bone fractures

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33. Fig. 32. Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences Professor – one of the most famous doctors in the world. Thanks to his invention and method of treatment (the Ilizarov apparatus), every day doctors all around the world literally “put people on their feet”. Doctor-magician or magician, as foreigners called him back in the 70s, lived and worked in Kurgan

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34. Fig. 33. Orthopedic operating table (left); orthopedic operating complex (right)

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35. Fig. 34. Orthopedic surgical and diagnostic complex

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36. Fig. 35. Shants Collar

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37. Fig. 36. Rigid fixation head holders (Philadelphia type)

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38. Fig. 37. Posture correctors (reclinators)

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39. Fig. 38. Corset – orthopedic

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40. Fig. 39. Knee splint

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41. Fig. 40. Elastic ankle brace with tightening

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42. Fig. 41. Orthopedic mattress

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43. Fig. 42. Orthopedic pillow with memory effect

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44. Fig. 43. 3D printed orthoses

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