Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture
ISSN (print): 2658-6649, ISSN (online): 2658-6657 Founder: Science and Innovation Center Publishing House (Krasnoyarsk) Editor-in-Chief: Sergey K. Soldatov, Doctor of Sc. (Medicine), Professor Frequency / Access: 6 issues per year / Open Included in: White List (2nd level), Higher Attestation Commission List, RISC, Scopus Website: https://discover-journal.ru/
Science and Innovation Center Publishing House
Regulation of the process of social reproduction of rural territories under depopulation conditions
Background. The article is devoted to the study of the problem of social reproduction of rural territories under depopulation conditions complicated with consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also includes the effect of the special military operation on country’s rural border territories. According to authors, social reproduction is necessary to consider as self-regulated and regulated process of renewal of quantitative and qualitative resources of rural areas for stabilization of the rural socio-territorial community, overcoming of degradation processes and further sustainable growth. The aim of this article is to analyze modern reality regarding demographic processes taking place in rural territories and to identify the main directions in the regulation of the social reproduction process in rural areas. The paper has implemented the dispositions of rural residents regarding demographic potential and demographic trends, as well as the expert community in the regard of risks and threats to socio-demographic security of rural territories of the Central Black Earth Economic Region. It is noted that the statistics of Russian rural population’ demographic development clearly shows the trend of depopulation of these areas which is determined not only with a combination of demographic factors, including the demographic transition, but also, perhaps to a greater extent, by socio-political and economic conditions. Purpose. The objective of the present investigation is to study of the problem of social reproduction of rural territories under depopulation conditions complicated with consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. When considering the process of social reproduction of rural areas, we will rely on the concept of rural networks developed by a team of authors led by Dutch economist Frederick Van der J.D Ploeg. Dutch scientists have combined numerous theoretical concepts and ideas regarding rural development, rural networks, in their opinion, appear to be multidimensional, multifunctional with a multitude of intrasectoral interactions. In the framework of the proposed concept, scientists identify several conceptual blocks in the structure of rural networks (among them: endogeneity, sustainability, social structure of the population, social capital, etc.), which are in dynamic interaction. The empirical basis of the study is made up of: 1) statistical data characterizing the birth rate, mortality rate, migration of the population; 2) complex of sociological investigations of the demographic potential and demographic trends in rural areas conducted un the Belgorod region in 2021-2024 by a team of scientists from the National Research Institute “Belgorod State University” which include the mass sociological questionnaire survey N=1000 (2021), series of focus-group interviews and expert surveys (N=50, annually). Results. Our theoretical and empirical analyses allow us to formulate a number of practical recommendations to the authorities of various levels, business community and public structures, etc., aimed at improving the main parameters of demographic development of rural areas: 1. Formation of regional expert groups in the sphere of demographic development. “The problem of the efficiency and effectiveness of demographic processes and measures to regulate them affects the interests not only of civil servants and politicians making certain attempts to respond to demographic crises, but also of scientists engaged in the study of demographic challenges” – N.P. Goncharova writes. The solution to the problem of strengthening the principle of scientific validity of demographic policy in rural areas requires large-scale involvement of experts in the development and implementation of demographic development programmes and projects. In our opinion, the selection of experts should be differentiated and involve scientists specialising in different fields of knowledge, in particular, experts in demography, sociology of management, sociology of family, sociology of youth, social gerontology. This will allow for a targeted and more concentrated approach to the development of projects and programmes for demographic development. Modern digital technologies make it possible to search for experts throughout the country and ensure their inclusion in the working process. It is promising to create an electronic database of experts in the field of demographic development, which in parallel functions as an interactive platform for discussing issues and problems of demographic development, and which in the future can be used to organise open online conferences, forums and symposia. 2. Development of science-based comprehensive monitoring of the regional demographic policy performance. The objectively demanded tendency to search for new tools and technologies of demographic development of rural areas implies the development and implementation of systems of indicators for assessing regulatory impacts. In a turbulent and highly dynamic society, the problem of indicators and indicators with the help of which it is possible to assess the effectiveness/efficiency of the demographic policy is of great importance. Today it is necessary to scientifically substantiate and develop indicators that will allow us to assess the sociodynamics of demographic processes. They should reflect their objective and subjective sides. Based on the analysis and synthesis of state and regional documents in the field of demography, generalisation of information sources, including the Federal State Statistics Service data, we propose a set of indicators, which should be monitored and allow to assess the effectiveness of demographic policy in rural areas: a) monitoring of the reproduction plans of the population; b) monitoring of population’ incomes and participation in social programs; c) monitoring of population’ state of health; d) monitoring of the quality and accessibility of services in such spheres as education, healthcare and social services, promotion of employment; e) monitoring of infrastructure’ quality; f) sociological survey “Demographic wellbeing of the population of rural territories”. The proposed indicators are assessed using a set of methods, such as: evaluation of information in official sources, data on adopted and existing legislative acts and program documents in the field of the demography and family policy; official statistical data describing the demographic and socio-economic situation available on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as in the Unified Interdepartmental Information Statistical System; data from periodic sample surveys of the Federal State Statistics Service on demographic problems; and data on the demographic and socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation. 3. Creation of regional and municipal Centers for the support of social practices of active longevity. The methodology of preserving and developing the resource potential of the older generation is proposed to be used more widely, which allows for a differentiated approach to the formation of an active longevity strategy, taking into account the capabilities and motivation of different groups of elderly and old people. Conclusion. In the conditions of modern dynamically changing reality, the prospects of demographic development of rural areas are ambiguous, and forecasting the situation regarding demographic development is difficult. At present, in the era of turbulence of socio-economic processes, there is no agreement in the demographic forecasts of researchers. In modern conditions, scientific and methodological support and systematic monitoring of demographic processes in rural areas become the key to prompt and adequate response to demographic challenges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khripkova D.V., Khripkov K.A., Vangorodskaya S.A., Gaydukova G.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of anthropogenic load by the level of fluctuating asymmetry of Betula pendula leaves (using the example of the Don State Technical University training and experimental site)
Background. This study aimed to assess the level of anthropogenic stress on the territory of the Don State Technical University training and experimental site (Rassvet, Rostov Oblast) using the fluctuating asymmetry method of Betula pendula Roth. A comparative analysis of the integral index of fluctuating asymmetry was conducted between zones with different levels of expected impact (“Site 1” and “Site 3”) and a conventional background zone (“Roshcha”). The level of fluctuating asymmetry in the anthropogenic impact groups was significantly higher than in the background zone, and the overall environmental condition of the study area corresponded to the “alarm” category. The most stress-sensitive traits were the length of the second vein and the angle between the veins. The fluctuating asymmetry method has proven its effectiveness for bioindicating complex anthropogenic stress in urban ecosystems. Purpose. The aim of the study was to quantitatively assess the level of anthropogenic stress on the territory of the Don State Technical University training and experimental site by analyzing the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaves of Betula pendula Roth and identifying the most sensitive morphological features. Materials and methods. The study focused on Betula pendula Roth growing in anthropogenically altered habitats, with special attention to the fluctuating asymmetry of its leaf morphological traits in the leaf blade of Betula pendula as an indicator of developmental instability. A method for assessing fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf blade was employed. Standard biometric methods were used to measure five leaf blade traits, followed by calculation of the relative asymmetry value for each trait and the integral fluctuating asymmetry index for each leaf. Statistical data processing included descriptive statistics, testing for normality (Shapiro-Wilk test), and homogeneity of variance (Levene’s test). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s post hoc test was used to compare groups. Results. The integral fluctuating asymmetry index (IIFA) for the combined sample was 0.093, which corresponds to the “alarm” zone according to Zakharov’s scale. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) between the conventional background zone “Roshcha” (IIFA = 0.065 ± 0.004) and the impact zones “Site 1” (0.110 ± 0.007) and “Site 3” (0.104 ± 0.006). At the same time, no significant differences were found between the two sites (p = 0.721). Analysis of the contribution of individual traits showed that the “Length of the second vein” (0.152) and “Angle between veins” (0.095) exhibit the greatest sensitivity to anthropogenic stress. Conclusion. The study demonstrates that fluctuating asymmetry in Betula pendula leaves is an effective tool for diagnosing complex anthropogenic stress. The data indicate an unfavorable environmental situation within the Don State Technical University training and experimental site, where developmental disturbances reach alarming levels. Spatial differentiation of FA values confirms the hypothesis of higher stress in areas immediately adjacent to infrastructure. Identifying the most sensitive morphological features allows for the optimization of bioindication monitoring programs for such urbanized areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kozyrev D.A., Moon E.A., Dubnitskaya P.A., Ligacheva V.S., Odabashyan M.Y., Eroshenko A.A., Gordiets O.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The effect of probiotic-enriched feed on aquaculture-biological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) during early ontogeny
Background. The issues of increasing productivity in various sectors of agriculture, especially the aquaculture sector, are currently a priority for many research teams in Russia and other countries. The production intensification inevitably leads to a decrease in the resistance of aquaculture objects, which makes them susceptible to various pathogenic agents, resulting in a decrease in overall production efficiency. The use of probiotics in the biotechnological farming cycle can reduce the negative effects of intensification. It has been repeatedly suggested that bacterial strains with probiotic properties, which were originally characteristic of the organism in question and its habitat, have the greatest effect on the fish body. In this paper, the effects of probiotic bacterial strains isolated from bottom sediments in fish habitats are considered. Purpose. The aim of the study was to study the effect of probiotics in the feed on the fish-breeding and biological parameters of trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) during the early ontogenesis. Materials and methods. The experimental site was an industrial-type fish hatchery located in the Rostov region. The object of the study was 100,000 species of O. mykiss rainbow trout larvae aged 29 days, which were randomly divided into 2 groups (control and experiment). The duration of the experiment was 30 days. The diet of the individuals included starter feeds for juvenile salmon with a grain size of 0.2 mm and a crude protein content of 58.0%. The experimental group received a probiotic supplement with 2 strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (strains MT48 and MT74) as a part of the diet. The content of bacterial cells in the finished feed was 7.3·106 CFU/g. The valuation, during which the morphometric parameters of the fish were evaluated, was carried out 2 times during the experiment period: at the beginning and at the end. To assess the effectiveness of probiotic implementation in the diet, fish farming coefficients were calculated: Fulton’s fatness coefficient, individual weight gain, total biomass gain, feed conversion rate and survival rate. Results. The addition of probiotics based on B. subtilis (strains MT48 and MT 74) to the feed of O. mykiss larvae led to a significant improvement in fish biological parameters. In the experimental group, there was an increase in the average individual fish weight by 12.68% and body length compared with the control group. The survival rate of larvae in the experimental group was higher by 19.41%, and the total increase in biomass increased by 38.31%. The feed conversion rate decreased from 1.69 kg/kg in the control group to 1.04 kg/kg in the experimental group, indicating a more efficient use of feed. The statistical analysis confirmed the significance of the differences between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. The study confirmed the effectiveness of probiotics based on B. subtilis (strains MT48 and MT 74) in feeding O. mykiss larvae. The inclusion of probiotic supplements in the diet contributed to a significant improvement in key fish-breeding and biological parameters: an increase in body weight, length and survival rate and a decrease in feed conversion rate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudoy D.V., Olshevskaya A.V., Shevchenko V.N., Maltseva T.A., Kozyrev D.A., Mazanko M.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modular robotic platform for an automated soil monitoring system
Background. The modular robotic platform is implemented using the “robot-constructor” principle. The basic platform includes standardized interfaces for connecting various modules – specialized chassis for different types of surfaces, manipulators for cargo handling, and sensor systems for navigation and environmental monitoring. This architecture allows the robotic platform to be quickly adapted to specific customer needs without the need to develop a completely new solution. The platform demonstrates particular practical value in agro-ecological monitoring, where the modular architecture allows for the rapid adaptation of sensor equipment for analyzing key soil parameters. Purpose. To present the architectural and functional design of a modular robotic platform implementing the “robot-constructor” principle and to justify its effectiveness as a basis for creating adaptive ground systems within the national aerospace infrastructure. Materials and methods. The development of a modular self-propelled robotic platform was carried out within the framework of system engineering: conceptual design → synthesis of architecture → selection of components → integration of subsystems → verification on a physical layout. The design is based on a lightweight and rigid metal frame that allows quick replacement of modules (chassis, manipulators, sensors). For work in the agricultural sector, it is possible to switch from a wheeled to a tracked base. Localization and orientation are implemented using visual odometry and simplified SLAM (ORB-SLAM2 light) for building 2D maps. Motion control is a multi-contour PID controller: the external contour corrects the deviation from the trajectory according to the video (P+D), the internal one stabilizes the speed according to the encoder data (I-component). The software platform is ROS 2 Humble (Python 3.10). Key nodes: - vision_node – marker recognition (OpenCV + TensorFlow Lite); - navigation_node – route construction and correction (RRT); - control_node – engine control with adaptive PID adjustment depending on the weight of the cargo; - telemetry_node – data export to JSON/CSV and integration with ERP/MES via REST API. A sensor module is used to monitor the soil: multispectral cameras, humidity, temperature, pH, nutrient sensors, and a sampling device. Results and conclusion. During the project, a modular self-propelled robotic platform was developed and physically prototyped, functioning as a universal ground component within the domestic Aeronet ecosystem. A unified mechanical and electrical platform with standardized connection interfaces (mechanical – quick-release dovetail mounts; electrical – GX16-4P industrial connectors; software – ROS 2-compatible topics), ensuring the modularity of the chassis, manipulators, sensor complexes, and actuators. A visual navigation system has been developed and tested. Based on OpenCV and fine-tuned YOLOv5, an algorithm for recognizing color lines, QR codes, and natural landmarks has been implemented. The platform has been integrated into the educational process at Melitopol State University in four areas of training. The study confirmed the fundamental feasibility and high efficiency of the modular robotic platform as a tool for converging the Aeronet and Technet NTI roadmaps. The developed solution successfully combines the characteristics of technological sovereignty (domestic component base, open-source stack, rejection of dependent technologies), economic affordability, and functional flexibility. The practical significance of the project is due to its dual purpose: 1) as an import-substituting industrial solution for the automation of intra-plant logistics at small and medium-sized enterprises; 2) as a multifunctional educational and research platform that forms a personnel reserve in the field of robotics, AI, and digital manufacturing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Popryadukhin V.S., Cherkun V.V., Milko D.A., Parakhin A.A., Narykov A.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of TGF and VEGF proteins on prenatal diseases of calves: Correlation analysis under complicated pregnancy conditions in cows
Background. The study of the role of transforming growth factor (TGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of prenatal pathologies in calves, especially in the context of complicated pregnancy in cows, is relevant due to the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in newborn young animals, which significantly reduces the economic efficiency of the livestock industry. The study is based on analyzing placental tissue collected immediately after calving to identify relationships between the levels of these proteins and the incidence of pathologies in newborn calves. Changes in TGF and VEGF concentrations can serve as predictors of feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency, which in turn negatively affects the health of calves. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between TGF and VEGF levels and clinical disease manifestations, highlighting their role in prenatal disorder pathogenesis. These studies underscore the importance of monitoring TGF and VEGF levels in veterinary practice, potentially enabling early risk identification and the development of effective disease prevention strategies in young animals. Purpose. The objective of the present study is to develop new methods for predicting prenatal diseases in calves based on the correlation analysis of TGF and VEGF protein levels. Materials and methods. At the SPC “Plemzavod Vtoraya Pyatiletka”, in the period from 2023 to 2024, a correlation analysis of the proteins TGF and VEGF in the context of complicated pregnancy was carried out. For the experiment, 200 dry first-calf heifers aged 24 to 48 months were randomly selected. The animals were divided into two groups: Group A included 100 cows with a physiological pregnancy and uncomplicated births, and Group B consisted of 100 animals with complicated pregnancy, accompanied by feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency. The distribution of livestock into groups was carried out on the basis of anamnesis data and clinical examination results. Placental tissue collected immediately after calving in compliance with the temperature (cold) regime was used as research material. The study analyzed the protein level of transforming growth factor (TGF), which regulates various cellular functions such as growth, development, immune responses, and tissue remodeling. The protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is involved in angiogenesis, was also assessed using enzyme immunoassay kits from the biotechnological company Cutimmune systems, located in the United States. The licensed program “Primer of Biostatistics 4.03. For Windows” was used to process the data in the study. The homogeneity of variances was assessed using the Fisher criterion, which allows determining the uniformity of variances in a group. To test the statistical significance of differences between the compared groups, two criteria were used: the Student criterion and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney criterion. The Student criterion is a parametric method and is designed to compare the average values of two groups. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney criterion, in turn, is designed to compare two independent and unrelated small samples by a quantitative feature of two groups. Differences were considered reliable at p<0.05. To conduct a correlation analysis, the Spearman method was used, which allows determining the strength and direction of the relationship between two features. Results. During the study, it was found that prenatal disorders in calves born from cows with feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency have a direct correlation with the level of protein transforming growth factor (TGF) and protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conclusion. The results of the studies revealed significant differences in the levels of VEGF and TGF proteins in cows with complicated pregnancy. Data analysis showed that the level of VEGF in animals from group B was 24% higher compared to the indicators of group A (p<0.05). At the same time, a significant decrease in the concentration of TGF in the placentas of cows with complicated pregnancy was observed - 2.4 times lower than in animals with a physiological course of pregnancy (p<0.01). These changes may indicate a compensatory mechanism in which an increase in VEGF production is aimed at leveling out the consequences of a sharp decrease in the level of TGF. Also, special attention was paid to the ratio of VEGF and TGF in the placenta. In group A, this coefficient was 1.1%, which indicates a balance of the processes regulated by these growth factors. At the same time, a significant increase in the VEGF/TFR ratio was observed in Group B – approximately 3.2 times compared to Group A. This indicates a pronounced imbalance in the regulation of angiogenesis and metabolic processes in cows with complicated pregnancy. The obtained VEGF/TFR ratio can become a valuable tool for predicting physiological disorders in calves during postembryonic ontogenesis. Its use will optimize veterinary strategies and, possibly, prevent the development of diseases in the long term. This is important not only for ensuring animal welfare, but also for increasing the economic efficiency of animal husbandry by reducing losses associated with morbidity and mortality of young animals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samoylenko V.S., Lapina A.A., Zhivoderova A.I., Pushkin S.V., Svetlakova E.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The influence of deuterium-depleted water Larsen D100 on seed germination parameters in cereal, oilseed, and legume crops
Background. The study aimed to investigate the species-specific effects of deuterium-depleted water (Larsen D100, <100 ppm D) on seed germination and early seedling growth parameters of key agricultural crops (barley, wheat, rapeseed, and lentil) under controlled in vitro conditions. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes on a fabric material moistened with either distilled water (control) or Larsen D100. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design (CRD) with several biological replications. After 10 days, the following key parameters were assessed: germination rate, seedling length, and fresh biomass. Data were statistically processed using Student’s t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test (p<0.05). Treatment with deuterium-depleted water had a pronounced and species-specific influence. A significant stimulatory effect was recorded in barley: germination increased by 20%, seedling length by 72%, and biomass by 17% compared to the control. Lentil showed a sharp increase in length (222%) and biomass (64%) of seedlings, although germination rate remained unchanged. In contrast, rapeseed exhibited inhibition of biomass accumulation (a 38% reduction), while wheat parameters did not change. Deuterium-depleted water acts as a powerful metabolic modulator, but its effects are strictly species-specific-ranging from significant stimulation to inhibition. The obtained data highlight the potential for its use in pre-sowing seed treatment for crops such as barley and lentil but strongly caution against universal application without mandatory prior species and cultivar testing. The observed effects are associated with isotope-mediated changes in the kinetics of key enzymatic and osmotic processes in the early stages of plant development. Purpose. Of the study was to evaluate the effect of deuterium-depleted water (Larsen D100) on germination efficiency (germination rate) and initial growth vigor (length and fresh weight) of seedlings in four economically important species of agricultural crops representing cereals (barley, wheat), oilseeds (rapeseed), and legumes (lentil). Materials and methods. Seeds of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) were sterilized and germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper moistened with distilled water (control, pH=5.8, EC<5 µS/cm) or deuterium-depleted water (Larsen D100, <100 ppm D). The experiment was set up according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with several biological replications (Petri dishes). Germination was carried out for 10 days at a temperature of 23±1°C. Germination rate, seedling length, and fresh weight were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10.0 software employing parametric (Student’s t-test) or non-parametric (Mann-Whitney U-test) methods for independent samples at a significance level of p<0.05. Results. The application of Larsen D100 water led to a complex, species-specific response. For barley, significant stimulation was found for all parameters. Germination rate increased by 20%, seedling length by 72%, and fresh weight by 17%. For lentil, no effect on germination rate (~97%) was characteristic, but a sharp increase in length (222%) and fresh weight (64%) of seedlings was observed. Data analysis for rapeseed showed no significant effect on germination and length, but a substantial reduction (38%) in seedling fresh weight. No statistically significant effect on any of the measured parameters of wheat was found. Conclusion. Deuterium-depleted water Larsen D100 is not a universal biostimulant but represents a powerful species-specific modulator of germination and early growth processes. It significantly enhances the initial growth vigor in barley and lentil but inhibits biomass accumulation in rapeseed, while wheat demonstrates a neutral response. This specificity underscores the critical importance of mandatory preliminary testing on each target crop and cultivar before considering any agronomic application. The detected effects are likely rooted in isotope-induced modifications of the kinetics of metabolic reactions, energy metabolism, and osmotic processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kozyrev D.A., Polyakov A.G., Odabashyan M.Y., Olshevskaya A.V., Eroshenko A.A., Savenkov D.N., Kulikova N.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence of stress factors on crustacean gene expression
Background. This review systematizes current scientific data on the influence of abiotic (pH, temperature, hypoxia, ammonia, nitrite) and biotic (viral and bacterial infections) stress factors on gene expression in crustaceans of the order Decapoda. Molecular responses affecting key functional groups of genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis are analyzed. Stress-induced changes in gene expression are complex, tissue-specific, and time-dependent, representing key adaptive mechanisms. The results of this analysis have important practical implications for aquaculture, opening up prospects for identifying molecular markers of stress resistance and developing strategies for optimizing the maintenance conditions of commercially important species. Purpose. This review aims to systematize and analyze current scientific data on the influence of abiotic (such as pH, temperature, hypoxia, ammonia, nitrites) and biotic (viral and bacterial infections) stress factors on expression of genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism and cellular homeostasis in crustaceans of the order Decapoda. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the scientific research laboratory “Center of Agrobiotechnology” of the Don State Technical University in 2024-2025. Results. Complex changes in the expression of key genes regulating immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant protection, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis have been identified. It has been shown that these tissue-specific and time-dependent changes in expression are the central mechanism of the adaptive response to stress. Conclusion. An analysis of current scientific data has allowed us to systematize information on the influence of abiotic and biotic stress factors on gene expression in crustaceans, particularly in members of the order Decapoda. It has been established that changes in key environmental parameters (such as temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite concentrations) and exposure to pathogens (viruses, bacteria) trigger complex molecular responses affecting genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kovalchuk D.Y., Sarkisyan D.S., Cholutaeva E.E., Shevchenko V.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Increase the yield of industrial crops due to bionutrients
Background. The article is devoted to the search for effective ways of a reasonable approach to the chemicalization of agriculture, which will increase crop yields without increasing the doses of applied mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The materials of the analysis and generalization of the results of long-term studies of bionutrients safe for humans and animals synthesized using the triethanolammonium salt of orthocresoxyacetic acid and 1-chloromethylsilatran are presented. The conducted studies have shown that it is possible to achieve high yields of industrial crops that do not depend on the constantly increasing values of mineral fertilizers and pesticides introduced into the soil. An increase in sugar beet yield of up to 20% is recorded when processing seeds and fruiting plants with bionutrients. This is due to an increase in germination energy, and, as a result, seed germination improves. At the same time, the sugar content in plants increases by 0.7 ...1% without the use of additional doses of mineral fertilizers. A similar effect was obtained on sunflower: the yield increase was 18...20%. the weight of seeds from one basket and the weight of 1000 seeds and their oil content increased. Bionutrients restrained the spread of fungal diseases, which makes it possible to reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. Thus, silatrans and other organosilicon compounds can become important components of agricultural technologies that do not harm the ecosystem, but can improve metabolic processes in plant organisms, increase the efficiency of using nutrients from mineral fertilizers and reducedependence on pesticides used in agriculture. Purpose. Purpose of the present study is to increase the yield of industrial crops using bionutrients. Materials and methods. Let’s consider the effectiveness of the use of 1-chloromethylsilatran and triethanolammonium salt of orthocresoxyacetic acid with auxin activity as independent bionutrients and in combination with each other. The research methodology is based on the analysis and generalization of materials from field experiments conducted in different regions of the Russian Federation on industrial crops (sugar beet and sunflower). Bionutrients were used in the form of solutions for the treatment of seeds and vegetative plants, both individually and in combination. Further, to simplify, we denote the bionutrient 1-chloromethylsilatran with the letter C, the triethanolammonium salt of orthocresoxyacetic acid with the letter T, and their combinations. Results. An economic assessment using the example of wheat has shown that the use of bionutrients to increase yields instead of increasing the applied doses of mineral fertilizers can reduce the cost of production and increase business profitability. And this is already an effective incentive for the revision of traditional crop production technologies and the transition to the reasonable use of agrochemistry, reducing the cost of fertilizers that are not involved in the formation of an economically useful part of the crop. Conclusion. The results of the assessment of the possibility of a reasonable approach to the chemicalization of agriculture while increasing crop yields due to bionutrients safe for humans and animals based on organosilicon compounds 1-chloromethylsilatran and a substance with auxin activity – triethanolammonium salt of orthocresoxyacetic acid, showed a real prospect of minimizing doses of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. In particular, it was found that beet yields increased by 14...18%, and sugar content – by 0.7... 1% without the use of additional doses of mineral fertilizers. A similar effect was obtained on sunflower: the yield increase was 18...20%. the weight of seeds from one basket and the weight of 1000 seeds and their oil content increased. Bionutrients restrained the spread of fungal diseases. Thus, silatrans and other organosilicon compounds can become important components of agricultural technologies that do not harm the ecosystem, but can improve metabolic processes in plant organisms, increase the efficiency of using nutrients from mineral fertilizers and reduce dependence on pesticides used in agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shirokov Y.A., Abramov M.V., Denisov D.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Accelerated development of rice populations using anther culture in vitro method
Background. Inclusion of doubled haploids in the breeding process allows increasing the speed and reliability of selection of desired forms with smaller population volumes. To stabilize the genotype, anthers of hybrid combinations of F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations, developed in crossings of white-grained samples with traits of high nutritional value of grain, and anthers of combinations of F4 generation from crossings of varieties contrasting in pericarp color and amylose content, were introduced into the culture. The responsiveness to gamete technologies was studied in 21 hybrid combinations. New genetically stable material (DH - doubled haploids) was developed. Phenotyping was carried out in conditions of a vegetation experiment for economic and biological traits and elements of plant productivity in four populations, which included 45 DH lines. Variability was noted in a number of traits within the DH line populations. Based on the results of the biometric analysis of the regenerated populations, 6 sources with a “1000 grain mass” of more than 30 grams were identified. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Kuban Science Foundation and the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of the scientific project No. 25-16-20103 “Application of the genomic approach in rice breeding for high technological grain quality” Purpose. To study the response of hybrids obtained from crossing contrasting rice samples to in vitro pollen culture, to accelerate the creation of DH line populations based on the studied genotypes, and to phenotype them. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology at the Federal Research Center for Rice, using the culture of isolated anthers in vitro according to the generally accepted method of R.G. Butenko (1990). Results. The genetic determinism of the “regeneration” trait in the donor plants used in the crossbreeding was noted. The genotypes of the crossbreeding involving the varieties Favorit and Azovsky proved to be the most productive in terms of the output of highly morphogenic calluses and androgenic lines. Phenotypic analysis revealed significant diversity among the plants in the individual DH populations in terms of the shape of the panicle, the angle of the flag leaf deviation, the length of the growing season, the weight of 1,000 grains, the height of the plants, and the length of the growing season. Conclusion. Phenotypic analysis of the DH lines’ traits showed that their genesis originates from microspores, thus these lines are a valuable genetic resource. The inclusion of doubled haploids in the breeding process will help to facilitate the assessment of recombinant genotypes arising from the cross, will allow to detect rare recessive alleles, will increase the speed and reliability of the selection of desired forms with smaller population volumes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Savenko E.G., Glazyrina V.А., Shundrina L.A., Mukhina Z.M., Esaulova L.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reproductive qualities of boars in the assessment of adaptive capabilities when using introductory crossbreeding of different variants
Background. The article deals with the study of the reproductive performance of breeding boars of Poltava meat breed when using different variants of introductory crossbreeding. At the same time, the objectives of using introductory crossbreeding determine the dynamics of changes. By introductory crossing in the breed new genotypes were created with Finnish Landrace pigs (in order to improve productive qualities) and fast-ripening meat pigs (in order to increase the adaptive capacity of animals to natural and climatic conditions of the farm). To conduct research we formed four groups according to the principle of pair-analogs: Group I – boars descendants of introductory crossbreeding, with a share of blood of the fast-ripening meat breed 25%, Group II – boars descendants of introductory crossbreeding, with a share of blood of the Finnish Landrace breed 25%, Group III – boars descendants of introductory crossbreeding, with a share of blood of the fast-ripening meat breed 50%, Group IV – boars descendants of introductory crossbreeding, with a share of blood of the Finnish Landrace breed 50%. We evaluated boar development indicators (live weight, body length, age at 100 kg live weight, thickness of the bailiffs follower) and indicators characterizing reproductive capacity (number of inseminated and farrowed breeding sows, fertilizing capacity of the boar, multiple fertility of farrowed breeding sows, weight of one piglet at weaning at 45 days). Infusion of Finnish Landrace blood in order to improve meat qualities leads in boars of Poltava meat breed to a violation of adaptive capabilities, manifested in an increase in the age of achieving a live weight of 100 kg and a decrease in reproductive performance, not actively involved in the selection process. Increasing the level of bloodlines of breeding boars up to 50% for Finnish Landrace breed is not reasonable in these natural and climatic conditions and will require additional costs to improve efficiency. The infusion of blood of the soon-to-be ripe meat breed to boars of Poltava meat breed with the purpose of improvement of adaptive qualities leads to strengthening of adaptive properties of the organism, by means of increase of protective capabilities and increase of reproductive indicators. Purpose. The aim of the study is to investigate reproductive qualities of boars in the evaluation of adaptive capabilities when using introductory crossbreeding of different variants Materials and methods. The data of 40 breeding boars-producers of Poltava meat breed, belonging to genetic groups with the infusion of blood of Finnish Landrace and soon-breeding meat breed, were used in the work. All animals belonged to the elite and first classes. The age of the animals was 24 months. We evaluated boar development indicators (live weight, body length, age at 100 kg live weight, thickness of the rump) and indicators characterizing reproductive capacity (number of inseminated and farrowed sows, fertilizing capacity of the boar, multiple fertility of farrowed sows, weight of one piglet at weaning at 45 days, weight of one piglet at weaning at 45 days). Results. As a result of the study it was found that in boars of Poltava meat breed of all examined groups the obtained average values of live weight and body length did not differ significantly from each other. The study revealed that the use of introductory crossbreeding using 25% bloodlines for the two improving breeds did not cause significant changes in the average number of sows inseminated and interviewed. Increasing the proportion of bloodlines up to 50% resulted in multidirectional significant differences depending on the breeds used. Thus, the use of Finnish Landrace breed decreased the value of both studied indicators by 20.96 head (64.6%) (p≤0.05) and 15.77 head (66.4%) (p≤0.05), respectively. When the proportion of bloodlines of the fast-ripening meat breed increased from 25% to 50%, boars showed a significant increase in the number of farrowing sows by 9.85 head or 41.5% (p≤0.05). This group also showed the highest value of fertilizing ability of boars. The difference amounted to 13.49% (p≤0.05) compared to the group with lower bloodlines. No significant differences were found in groups with Finnish Landrace blood for this indicator. Conclusion. The infusion of the blood of the fast-ripening meat breed in order to increase the adaptive qualities of the Poltava meat breed and increasing the share of its bloodline up to 50% led to a reliable increase in reproductive indicators (the number of inseminated sows, the number of farrowing sows, the fertilizing ability of the boar), not related to the primary in the breeding process, but determining, among other things, the efficiency of the pig breeding industry. In the indicators of development, the use of blood of the early maturing meat breed was reflected in the indicator of the thickness of the speck. We found a significant increase in fat thickness with increasing bloodlines of the fast-ripening beef breed. Earlier studies have clearly shown that increased fat thickness can have a favorable effect on reproductive performance. Our study also demonstrated a significant effect of rump thickness on the fertilizing ability of boars. Taking into account that an increase in the thickness of the rump can be considered as an increase in the protective properties of the skin, it gives us the opportunity to talk about the increase in the protective and adaptive (adaptive) capabilities of the organism in this case.
Copyright (c) 2025 Garskaya N.A., Tresnitsky S.N., Rudenko A.A., Zelenkova G.A., Kochetkova A.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rheology of heterogeneous food systems on the basis of biopolymers
Background. Problem of transformation of complex food systems is incompletely solved. In the framework of this problem, the incompletely solved problem of three-dimensional structure of proteids, including collagen, takes place. In this regard, the authors propose solutions of this problem basing on the study of structural rheological properties of polydisperse heterogeneous systems on the basis of natural intentionally modified biopolymers, incl. their microstructures. The rotational viscometry and analysis of images obtained with the scanning electron microscopy have been used as test methods. As a result, dependencies of the dynamic viscosity from the speed rate of the shear deformation have been obtained. They have shown relatively regular changes of the viscosity indicators. Data from the electronic microscopy let us to diagnose the structure of raw material and specially prepared semi-finished product, dominated by biopolymers, for further processing in industries. Purpose. Taking into account the problem urgency, introduced in the first part of the article, we have stated the characteristic dependence between the dynamic viscosity of the typical polymer solution – alginate (semi-finished product for artificial caviar production) and shear deformation speed rate. Materials and methods. The directions of solving the issue of microstructure and properties of biopolymers from different groups are actualized. In particular, biopolymers of alginate type and proteins from the collagen group have been investigated. The peculiarities of the denaturation of native proteins cause the necessity of their further study (analysis of the initial architectonics of molecules, their changes under chemical and/or thermal influences) in the preparation of raw materials for the product manufacturing, feeds, etc. The general orientation of process organization is to avoid denaturation transformations. However, treatment in media with the adjustable pH level is expected. The example is the treatment with electrolyte solutions (OH-), which weakens the complex of cross-links, which causes some disturbance of the original histological structure of tissues, but does not lead to denaturation, preserving in general the molecular structure of the main structural molecular units (chains) of proteids. Results. The first section of the rheogram, the “difficulty” of the system shear and then, a relatively uniform course of the graph, which may indicate that this solution is “stabilized” by structural agents based on natural biopolymers. The approximation reliability coefficient R2 = 0.98 demonstrates a high approximation of the trend line to the exponential model of the equation. It is worth to mention the study by E.Yu. Agarkova et.al. which made it possible to reveal the exponential dependence between dynamic viscosity of polydisperse milk-based food systems depending on the mass fraction of psyllium in them. The obtained rheograms revealed nonlinear and non-additive dependences between viscosity and psyllium content in them. Enhancing our own results, we have pointed out that the composition of the studied Collagen brand supplements also includes color-forming and flavor-forming additives. Comparative analysis of rheological data is hampered by the lack of publications in domestic sources. There is some information on mechanical parameters (e.g., the Young modulus, etc.) for protein hydrogels in foreign sources, F. Linglan. However, the elasticity modulus is used to characterize hydrogels. It seems that these results are consistent with the studies of biopolymers by Hu Shiao et.al. [16], who revealed the special rheology of biopolymers with carbohydrate compartment. Thus, their thixotropic behavior was revealed. Conclusion. The non-Newtonian flow character of biopolymer solutions can be characterized as visco-plastic, the properties of thixotropic medium were observed. Based on the obtained results, the database on rational directions of processing of various biopolymers, which play, first of all, the role of structure formers, is being replenished. It is possible to combine these or those biopolymers in vitro with the purpose of further involvement in the production of food products and biologically active food additives. The use of the combinatorics principles, more effective and functional food systems, will establish the compliance of the developed products with the principles of healthy nutrition. Especially it expands the possibilities of tissue repair from the group of supporting tissues, optimizes the functions of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and/or animals. Thus, prospects for the food system development, creation of new feeds, materials for medical purposes, etc. are opened.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sokolov A.Y., Shishkina D.I., Shepotkina O.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Formation of popular rural tourism products for student groups
This study examines the prospects for developing rural tourism with a specific focus on student groups Purpose. The goal of the study is to identify potential directions for the development of this type of tourism in regions with sufficient specialized resources based on an analysis of the specifics of the formation of popular rural tourism products for student groups. Materials and methods. The research is based on research by Russian and international authors in the field of rural tourism and its infrastructure, particularly from a regional perspective. The authors utilized comparative, resource-based, and descriptive analysis methods. Results. The research provides a comprehensive assessment of the tourism and recreational potential of the region’s western districts, identifying key attractions that integrate cultural-historical heritage, natural landmarks, and elements of ethnographic tourism. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential for aligning tourism initiatives with higher education curricula. The authors have designed and substantiated three thematic routes tailored to the unique demands of student tourism while accounting for the geographical distribution of key sites. A collaborative framework is proposed, involving educational institutions, tour operators, and local communities to ensure the effective implementation of rural tourism projects Conclusion. The findings highlight that advancing this sector not only enhances educational opportunities for students but also stimulates economic growth in rural areas. The results hold practical significance for shaping regional tourism development strategies and can be adapted to other regions of the Russian Federation with similar potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miroshnichenko A.V., Kazmina L.N., Makarenko V.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Problems of introducing innovations into agricultural production
Background. The article solves the problems of introducing the latest technologies in agriculture. Because manual labor is very difficult to switch to electronic technologies and technologies in general. Using a combine harvester instead of a plow, instead of manually milking a cow, a special device, entering data on the results of work into an electronic journal and calculations in an unnatural, but non-cash form - this is the future of agriculture largest agricultural powers. The article shows the problems of modern agricultural enterprises and outlines ways to solve them based on the current state of science, technology, legislation, economic and social state of modern society. The difficulties in the path of the agro-industrial sector are quite natural and solvable with a careful approach and digitalization. Purpose. Agricultural work has historically been directly related to the use of manual labor. As technology developed, societies and states began to use other technologies and manual labor was gradually replaced by machines and automatic devices. However, the transition from manual to machine labor turned out to be very long and difficult. Mainly. Because of the reluctance to abandon the use of manual labor. When working on the land, the labor of people living on it was used. Therefore, the refusal in favor of machine labor was perceived as recognizing the peasant as unnecessary and superfluous. The process sometimes took place gradually, sometimes in leaps and bounds. It led to riots, revolutions, the overthrow of the system, physical violence and threats. But time moves forward and technical progress can no longer cancel anything. Materials and methods. To study introduction of innovations in agricultural production, the following methods are used. The method of materialist dialectics is the study of dynamics, development, movement from one state to another. The method of scientific abstraction is abstraction from the unimportant and random in order to highlight the most significant in the phenomenon being studied. Analysis and synthesis - dividing the phenomenon under study into its component parts and combining the individual parts into a single whole. Results. In recent years, the domestic agro-industrial complex has received additional development. The Russian Federation fully provides itself with grain and legume crops, at the same time, sells surpluses to other countries. At present, a slight decline in the agricultural sector is recorded. It is explained by political, economic, social reasons of both internal and external nature, lack of sufficient financial support. Conclusion. It is necessary to adopt agronomic and crop management, which allows to optimize production and environmental needs. Recent advances in technology, precision agriculture and sustainable farming methods offer promising solutions to address the complex challenges of climate change while contributing to the economic prosperity of the agri-food sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grechenkova O.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bacteriocins for agriculture and aquaculture
Background. The aggravation of the problem of antimicrobial resistance caused by the irrational use of antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture necessitates the search for sustainable and safe alternatives. Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides of bacterial origin. A class of natural compounds for combating resistant pathogens with minimal environmental impact. This review explores the complex potential of using bacteriocins as an alternative to antibiotics. A detailed analysis of the structural diversity, classification approaches, and established mechanisms of antimicrobial action was carried out, including disruption of cell membrane integrity, inhibition of cell wall synthesis, and inhibition of nucleic acid and protein production. Key bacteriocin-producing genera (Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas) and their biologically active metabolites have been identified. The analysis of bacteriocins’ use in agriculture, in particular their role as agents of biocontrol of phytopathogens, plant growth promoters, as well as means of improving the health and productivity of farm animals and birds. Their potential in aquaculture for disease control (directed against pathogens such as Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Yersinia ruckeri), water quality improvement, and feed conservation is considered, which helps reduce dependence on the preventive use of antibiotics. Despite significant achievements, challenges remain related to in vivo efficacy assessment, development of delivery systems, the possibility of resistance development, and regulatory aspects. Addressing these issues is a key condition for realizing the potential of bacteriocins as environmentally sound tools for ensuring food security and sustainable development of terrestrial and aquaculture systems. Purpose. The aim of this review is to comprehensively analyze the potential of bacteriocins as a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture. This involves summarizing current knowledge on their structural diversity, classification, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, key producer genera, and practical applications in crop production, livestock farming, and aquaculture disease management. Materials and methods. This study is a descriptive review. The material for the analysis was composed of contemporary scientific literature sourced from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The methodology included a systematic search, selection, and critical analysis of publications focusing on bacteriocin production, classification, mechanisms of action, and their applications in terrestrial and aquatic agricultural systems. The review synthesizes data from in vitro and in vivo studies to present a holistic overview of the field. Results. The analysis reveals the significant structural and functional diversity of bacteriocins, which can be classified into several classes (e.g., lantibiotics, unmodified peptides) based on genetic and structural criteria. Their antimicrobial mechanisms are multifaceted, primarily involving pore formation in target cell membranes, inhibition of cell wall synthesis (e.g., via lipid II binding), and disruption of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Key soil-derived genera, including Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas, are prolific producers of diverse bacteriocins with activity against major plant, animal, and aquatic pathogens (e.g., Listeria, MRSA, Aeromonas, and Vibrio). In agriculture, bacteriocins demonstrate potential as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens and as plant growth promoters. In aquaculture, their applications span disease control, water quality improvement, feed preservation, and use as probiotic supplements, contributing to enhanced animal health and reduced reliance on prophylactic antibiotics. Conclusion. Bacteriocins emerge as a highly promising and environmentally sound tool for enhancing the sustainability and productivity of both terrestrial and aquatic agricultural systems. Their targeted activity against key pathogens, role in biocontrol and growth stimulation, and ability to preserve product quality with minimal impact on beneficial microbiota underscore their potential. However, translating this potential into practical, scalable solutions necessitates addressing several challenges. Future efforts must focus on robust in vivo efficacy testing, the development of effective delivery systems, understanding the risks of resistance development, and navigating the regulatory landscape. Interdisciplinary research is crucial to bridge the gap between laboratory findings and field application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meskhi B.C., Rudoy D.V., Olshevskaya A.V., Kozyrev D.A., Shevchenko V.N., Odabashyan M.Y., Teplyakova S.V., Dzhedirov D.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of the effectiveness of coagulants in water treatment
Background. Obtaining water suitable for domestic and industrial needs and safe for the consumer is the main task of water treatment. The search for ways to improve the coagulation process and methods that allow its intensification is currently still relevant. The article presents the results of studies of coagulants at various combinations and doses in laboratory conditions. Irtysh river water intended for drinking purposes is considered as an object of research. The efficiency of using different coagulants that allow to remove pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, microbiological pollutants, etc. in a more qualitative way has been studied. This is especially important for the treatment of water from surface sources, which is often characterized by a high content of impurities. Experimental studies in the shop of operation of water supply networks and facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk were conducted with the following coagulants “Brilliant-18”, “Bopak-E”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA” in combination with flocculant FL 4540PWG. Coagulants were tested in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C. On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results were shown by coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better performance on water turbidity. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Purpose. The main objectives of the research are to test the used reagents in laboratory conditions and compare their efficiency in different seasons of the year, as well as to improve the water treatment process by introducing new reagents. Materials and methods. According to the results of industrial tests it was found that water after treatment with liquid aluminum sulfate meets hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. In summer period the working dose of liquid SA 1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) is similar to the working dose of OHA. But liquid aluminum sulfate can be used for water treatment at water treatment plants only in summer, as in winter time of the year the coagulation process is much worse. Therefore, the laboratory of the water supply networks and facilities operation shop conducted laboratory studies on the effectiveness of introduction of other coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride: “Brilliant”, “Bopak”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA”, which can be used in different seasons of the year. Taking into account the current technology of natural water treatment at the facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk the following methodology of trial coagulation (on automatic flocculator “Lovibond”) was adopted. Addition of reagents (coagulant and flocculant sequentially) in the source water and stirring for 3 minutes at a rotation speed of 146 rpm. Stirring is then continued for 10 minutes at a lower speed (43 rpm). This is followed by settling for 30 minutes. Trial coagulation was carried out with flocculant FL 4540PWG with a concentration of 0.1%. Samples of treated water were taken after settling from the middle layer of water. Water quality parameters were evaluated after the sedimentation process, excluding filtration. Results. As a result of the tests, large flakes were formed only when “Aqua-aurate 30” and “ASA” were applied at a dose of (1.5/0.1 mg/l). Other coagulants formed small and medium flakes and all coagulants showed intensive sedimentation and clarification. Tests of coagulants were carried out in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results showed coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. During the laboratory tests, coagulants “Bopak-E” and “Brilliant-18” showed the same results of clarified water quality in terms of residual aluminum and water turbidity in comparison with the coagulant “OHA” used at Rosvodokanal Omsk, at doses as close as possible to those established at production (Dk=1.8 mg/l and Df=0.13mg/l). Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better indicators of water turbidity. Under low alkalinity conditions, Aqua-aurat 30 coagulant increases this index, which contributes to solving the problem of poor coagulation. At optimum doses quality indicators of clarified water by residual aluminum, as well as filtered water by turbidity and residual aluminum, meet the quality assurance of drinking water in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3485-21, GN 2.1.5.1315-03, GN 2.1.5.2280-07. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and to select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”. Conclusion. In the process of laboratory testing, many reagents are tested. The purpose of the analysis is to find effective reagents under conditions when the water supply source changes its charge and alkalinity decreases. Laboratory tests of coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30” show that the performance in conditions of low alkalinity is difficult, but the best coagulation ability is shown by the reagent “Aqua-aurat 30” because of its ability to increase alkalinity by 15-18%, which helps to improve the efficiency of coagulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shelest S.N., Trotsenko I.A., Korchevskaya Y.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determining the effectiveness of functional zoning: Rights and obligations of land relations participants, and planning and improvement requirements for settlement areas
Background. The relevance of this study under current conditions is determined by a range of factors reflecting dynamic changes in the socio-economic sphere, technological progress, and the environmental situation. It also addresses the urgent task of defining effective rights and obligations of land relation participants, along with planning and improvement requirements for populated areas. This work involves developing and implementing up-to-date territorial planning documentation, which serves as the foundation for rational and sustainable territorial development. The role of these documents in urban development is critically important, and without them, competent and well-founded planning is impossible. Purpose. Based on the balance between the various uses of the territory, we discuss an integrated approach to development, including areas with limited suitability for development, through the application of comprehensive development strategies and advanced technologies for their realization. Materials and methods. A systems approach was applied, in which territorial zoning decisions account for environmental safety and vertical planning aspects of territorial zones. The concept of adaptive geodetic monitoring is emphasized, involving the dynamic adaptation of measurement methods to changing conditions and precision requirements. Classification methods are used to systematize geodetic measurement technologies. Results. At the theoretical level, modern functional zoning technologies for territorial development of populated areas were systematized, classifying them by degree of effectiveness and application conditions. Regularities of regional influence on the spatial organization and maintenance of populated areas were identified and scientifically substantiated, allowing for the formulation of principles for adapting to dynamic changes in the socio-economic sphere, technological progress, and the environmental situation, as well as tasks for establishing effective rights and obligations of participants in land relations, planning requirements, and landscaping in populated areas. A significant contribution to the theory of settlement development lies in substantiating the optimal balance between the legislative framework and the regulatory basis of territorial planning projects. Conclusion. The results of this study are important for land use, enabling comprehensive and well-founded decision-making regarding the rights and obligations of land relation participants, as well as planning and improvement requirements for populated areas. Ultimately, the developed method for comprehensive territorial assessment serves as a valuable tool for urban planners and decision-makers seeking to optimize functional zoning, thereby improving the quality of life of residents, promoting sustainable development, and ensuring a balanced and sustainable approach to land use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ovchinnikova N.G., Vinokurova N.V., Petrova I.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Microbiological study of wounds and large intestine of sturgeons using β-cyclodextrin complex with levofloxacin
Background. The research laboratory Progressive biotechnologies in aquaculture of the Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N.I. Vavilov studied the effect of complexes of ß-cyclodextrin on the healing of skin wounds in hybrid sturgeon fish. The total microbial count of sturgeon cut wounds was determined using the culture method and the composition of the microflora of the fish colon using the qPCR method under the influence of the ß-cyclodextrin complex. This complex was ß- cyclodextrin with levofloxacin included in a chitosan shell. The complex was adsorbed on the surface of the feed that the sturgeons received daily. Changes in the total microbial count demonstrate the nature of the inflammatory process and the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic drugs. The study of the colon microbiota also demonstrates the result of using these complexes in fish. It was found that the use of antibacterial complexes of ß-cyclodextrins with chitosan on sturgeons leads to a significant decrease in the total microbial count of the wound surface. The highest antimicrobial activity was established for the chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex with 20 and 15% levofloxacin content. The presence of bacteroides, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci were determined in the composition of the normal flora. At the same time, by the end of the experiment, the microbiome of the large intestine of fish is characterized by the restoration of the number of lactic acid bacteria. The research results can be used in aquaculture in the process of fish cultivation in the treatment of injuries to the outer coverings received during transportation and sorting. Purpose. Reproduction and cultivation of fish in aquaculture is inevitably associated with trauma to the skin of fish, infection with saprophytic, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms during transportation, sorting, dense planting, and transition to new feed. All these factors reduce the immune status of the fish organism and lead to the occurrence of various diseases that affect all metabolic processes. Currently, antibiotics of various groups with a wide spectrum of action are use to combat infectious diseases, as well as for prevention purposes. Due to the specific lifestyle of aquatic organisms, antibiotics are introduced into the fish organism in aquaculture using medicinal baths, injections, or orally with feed. Materials and methods. The effect of the chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex on the fish organism under aquarium conditions was studied. This complex was synthesized and provided by the Department of Chemical Enzymology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The studied complex is a light yellow powder, slowly soluble in water due to the content of chitosan and cyclodextrin and added to fish feed. For the experiment, 5 groups of sturgeons with wounds in the form of dorsal cuts of the skin 2 cm long and 0.5 cm deep were formed using the pair-analogue method. Before the experiment, the fish were fed with compound feed with a peroxide value of 24.68±2.22 for 10 days to form a model digestive disorder and intestinal dysbiosis. The fish received feed with the preparation daily (3 times a day). Individuals of the 1st and 2nd control groups did not receive the studied complex, in addition, individuals of the 2nd control group continued to receive low-quality feed during the experiment. The experimental groups received high-quality feed with the complex in different dosages of levofloxacin (the first - a complex with 20%, the second - with 15% and the third - with 10% of the antibiotic, respectively) for 7 days. Results. The study of sturgeon wound microflora showed that the studied chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex with an antibiotic reduces the TMC of cut wounds. In individuals of the control groups (K1 and K2), the inflammatory process in the wounds continued until the end of the experiment (day 8). On the 8th day, the greatest suppressive effect on the microflora of fish wounds was exerted by complexes with 15 and 20% antibiotic content: in both groups, the decrease in TMC relative to day 1 was 1000 times, below K1 by 1000 times, and K2 by 10000 times. The results of assessing the diversity of sturgeon large intestine microflora indicate that the control group of fish is characterized by normal microflora: bacteroides, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci. In the experimental groups a decrease in the number of lactobacilli, enterobacteria, fusobacteria, eubacteria and clostridia genomes was recorded. Lactate-utilizing bacteria were not detected. Gradual recovery of the fish organism is confirmed by the presence of lactobacilli on the 14th day in the same quantity as before injury and the use of the complex, as well as the absence of mycoplasmas, streptococci and Candida fungi. Conclusion. A study of wound microflora using the culture method showed that chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complexes with levofloxacin, used in the treatment of sturgeons, have a significant antimicrobial effect on the number of microorganisms compared to the control groups, with the best effect by the end of the experiment being provided by complexes with 15 and 20% levofloxacin. A study of wound microflora using the culture method showed that chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complexes with levofloxacin, used in the treatment of sturgeons, have a significant antimicrobial effect on the number of microorganisms compared to the control groups, with the best effect by the end of the experiment being provided by complexes with 15 and 20% levofloxacin. Molecular genetic research using the PCR method in real time determined the presence of bacteroids, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci in the composition of the normal flora. In the 14 days the microflora of the large intestine of fish is characterized by a confident restoration of the number of lactic acid bacteria that regulate immune processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Poddubnaya I.V., Uryadova G.T., Zimens Y.N., Zlotnikov I.D., Kudryashova E.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comprehensive monitoring and prediction of prenatal disorders in calves born from cows with complicated pregnancy
Background. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in modern methods for diagnosing feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency in cattle, which is due to the need to improve the reproductive health of animals and the quality of newborn offspring. The use of echographic and electrocardiographic methods makes it possible not only to assess in detail the condition of the fetus and uterus, but also to predict the course of pregnancy, which is crucial for preventing adverse outcomes. Particular attention is paid to hypoxic myocardial damage in cows, which is identified as one of the leading causes of adverse reproductive outcomes. This condition is associated with metabolic disorders, which in turn leads to the development of pathological metabolic acidosis. Acidosis has a depressing effect on enzymatic processes in the fetus, which can cause serious disturbances in its development and, as a result, negatively affect the health of newborn calves. The introduction of comprehensive monitoring, including regular ultrasound examinations and electrocardiographic monitoring, allows for timely detection of predisposition to feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency. This, in turn, creates the opportunity for early intervention and correction of identified disorders, which contributes to improving pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of prenatal pathologies. Purpose. The objective of the present study is to develop methods for comprehensive monitoring in order to predict prenatal disorders in calves born from cows with complicated pregnancy. Materials and methods. At the SPK Plemzavod Vtoraya Pyatiletka, from 2023 to 2024, the main studies on monitoring and predicting prenatal disorders in calves born to cows with feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency were carried out. As an object of research, 200 heads of dry first-calf cows aged 24 to 48 months were selected by the blind sampling method. Thus, the first group (A) consisted of 100 animals with uncomplicated pregnancy and childbirth, while the second group (B) included 100 animals with complicated pregnancy due to feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency. The selection of the livestock was carried out on the basis of anamnesis and physiological examination. To monitor and predict prenatal lesions in calves born to cows with feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency, a comprehensive clinical and laboratory study was conducted, namely: detection of signs of acute intrauterine fetal hypoxia during cardiographic monitoring using a Schiller AG Cardiovit AT-1 VET electrocardiograph, while assessing the heart rate (HR), morphology of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave, amplitude and duration of the P wave, QRS complex and T wave, duration of PR and QT intervals. Determination of fetal growth deviations, echogenicity of the coruncle structure was carried out based on the results of an ultrasound examination using the Easy-Scan:Go device for cattle. Evaluation of the decrease in blood flow and the state of the vessels in the fetal-uterine interface were determined by Dopplerography using a veterinary echograph Doppler FDC8100V from the manufacturer Shenzhen Well.D Medical Electronics. Results. According to the obtained results of Dopplerography, 76% of cows with complicated pregnancy from group B have a decrease in blood flow through the fetal-uterine interface, which indicates a state of stress of the fetus and its underdevelopment. In addition, 54% of animals from group B have changes in blood flow pulsation and blood oxygenation. In cows of group A, the results of Dopplerography are within the normal range, only 15% of animals have increased oxygenation rates, which do not have serious consequences for the further development of the fetus. Conclusion. Early diagnosis and timely administration of preventive and therapeutic measures are necessary to prevent the risk of developing postnatally significant diseases and improve the reproductive health of cattle. The introduction of an integrated approach to monitoring and predicting prenatal disorders can significantly improve the effectiveness of veterinary practice and ensure the well-being of both mothers and newborns.
Zoopathogenic role of Moraxellaceae and Corynebacteriaceae bacteria in mastitis in ruminants
Background. The article examines the incidence and pathogenic significance of Moraxella and Corynebacteria in mastitis of ruminants using the example of large and small cattle in various farms in the regions of the Russian Federation. As a result of the conducted studies, the sporadic presence of Moraxella microorganisms in the microbiota of mastitis milk among opportunistic pathogens in cows was established. No Moraxella was found in goats. Several cases were identified at once in which Acinetobacter spp., belonging to the Moraxellaceae family, was isolated in associations. The incidence of pathogenic corynebacteria as the leading representative of the clinical microbiota was noted at the level of 60% in the goats of LLC « Pikaev » in the Republic of Morodovia and 26.7% in cows from various farms in the Moscow region, the Republic of Morodovia and Bashkortostan. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the incidence and pathogenic significance of bacteria Moraxella and Corynebacterium in mastitis in cattle and small cattle. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at livestock enterprises in the Moscow region, the Republic of Mordovia, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the period from March to August 2024, clinical trials were conducted in the field and in production conditions for mastitis of large and small cattle with sampling of pathological material. The clinical (pathological) material was milk, which was collected in sterile containers. Screening bacteriological studies for indication of microorganisms (20 studies) and identification of bacteria were conducted. The samples were seeded onto Petri dishes with 10% blood and chocolate agar content. Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. Putative colonies of Moraxella, identified by their smooth, rounded and grayish-white appearance with a hemolysis zone, were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical tests, then positive colonies were further confirmed using MALDI–TOF, other bacterial pathogens were also identified using biochemical tests and mass spectrometry. For this purpose, after sampling, a well-isolated colony was removed using a sterile loop, then re-suspended in 300 µl of distilled water, then the suspension was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm, after which 2 µl of a reactogenic solution was added to the precipitate, transferred to a MALDI plate and loaded into an ionization chamber. Results. The following types of microorganisms have been detected and identified in cattle with a clinical picture of serous, catarrhal mastitis: Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus capitis, Trueperella pyogenes, Bacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium celere, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus licheniformis, Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli, Paraclostridium bifermentans, Psychrobacter immobilis, Enterococcus faecium, Serratia liquefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Moraxella catarrhalis (1 isolate). The following types of microorganisms were found in goats with a clinical picture of serous catarrhal mastitis: Aerococcus viridians, Corynebacterium stationis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Corynebacterium xerosis, Corynebacterium stationis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results are presented in table 1. No growth was detected from samples of biological material from mastitis milk of sheep and goats, during screening bacteriological studies on blood agar. To determine the pathogenic properties of the isolated cultures, a coagulase test for staphylococci and a bioassay on white mongrel mice were used. The inoculum diluted to the desired concentration (108 CFU/ml), OD = 600 nm = 1, obtained from a pure culture of Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi, was administered subcutaneously to mice at a dose of 100 µl. Conclusion. The nosological role of moraxella microorganisms in mastitis in cows and goats has not been confirmed at this stage of research. Cases of indication of Moraxella catarrhalis and Acinetobacter spp. have been noted among the clinical microbiota, which does not exclude the nosological role of microorganisms of the Moraxellaceae family in these pathologies, as early studies occasionally noted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pimenov N.V., Ivannikova R.F., Pozyabin S.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The impact of agricultural activity on soil phytotoxicity: The choice of bioindicators
Background. The study is devoted to the assessment of phytotoxicity of soils affected by agricultural activities by the method of bioindication. The main objective is to select the most sensitive bioindicator for the determination of phytotoxicity in agricultural soils. It was found that cruciferous crops, Brassica napus (rapeseed), Lepidium sativum (watercress), are the most sensitive to contamination, demonstrating a decrease in germination to 24% and phytomass to 0.13-0.62 g, while barley showed a germination resistance of 70-100%. Cases of latent phytotoxicity have been identified with preserved germination, but inhibition of root growth. The results confirm the effectiveness of the method and the need for an integrated approach using several bioindicators. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to select the most sensitive bioindicator for determining the phytotoxicity of agricultural soils. Materials and methods. To assess the phytotoxicity of soils, samples were taken from the DSTU training ground. The main series included 4 arable samples (n=4), selected by the envelope method from a depth of 0-20 cm according to GOST 17.4.4.02-2017. The control sample was taken from the adjacent forest belt (n=1). Each combined sample weighing 1 kg was formed from 5-point samples. Four test crops were used: radish (Raphanus sativus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and watercress (Lepidium sativum L.). 3 analytical replications in Petri dishes were prepared for each sample and culture. Incubation was carried out for 10 days. The following parameters were evaluated: germination (%), germination energy (%), length of shoots and roots (mm), crude phytomass (g). Statistical data processing was performed with the calculation of average values and standard deviation for each sample and test culture. Results. The results have shown a significant inhibition of the test plant growth in contaminated samples, which resulted in a decrease in key indicators by 24-92% compared with the control. Cruciferous crops (rapeseed and watercress) showed the greatest sensitivity, with a sharp decrease in germination to 24%, germination energy to 1.0, and phytomass to 0.13-0.62 g. At the same time, barley has demonstrated relative stability, maintaining germination at the level of 70-100%, which confirms the need to use several bioindicators for a comprehensive assessment. Conclusion. During the study, it was found that agricultural activity in the field under study led to the formation of phytotoxicity of the soil, manifested in the suppression of sensitive cruciferous crops (rapeseed, watercress) and the radish root system. Rapeseed and watercress are highly sensitive bioindicators for monitoring. The revealed heterogeneity of phytotoxicity requires a differentiated approach to assessing soil conditions. The conducted studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the phytoindication method for assessing the phytotoxicity of soils exposed to agrogenic effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dubnitskaya P.A., Ligacheva V.S., Mun E.A., Polyakov A.G., Odabashyan M.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Intelligent models and sustainability assessment of the security system of agro-industrial enterprises
Background. In the era of digitalization, maintaining resilient security systems in agro-industrial enterprises is crucial. This paper examines approaches to developing intelligent models aimed at assessing and predicting the resilience of organizational and technical systems based on the analysis of interrelated risk factors. Cognitive and fuzzy modeling approaches are applied as methodological tools to formalize expert knowledge and support managerial decision-making. A methodology for constructing an integrated resilience indicator that takes into account both external and internal dynamics is proposed. Scenario analysis demonstrates the potential of intelligent algorithms to model critical situations and to select optimal response measures. The developed models can be applied to strengthen infrastructure protection strategies, enhance information and physical security, and ensure the sustainable operation of enterprises in uncertain environments. The aim of the study is to develop and verify a model based on fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) for the mathematical assessment of the resilience of agricultural enterprise security systems. The work aims to integrate expert knowledge, scenario modeling, and dynamic visualization of system behavior under changing external and internal factors. Materials and methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on cognitive and fuzzy modeling, simulation, and machine learning. FCMs are used as tools, accounting for uncertainty, the subjectivity of expert assessments, and nonlinear relationships between factors. Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost algorithms, implemented in Python, were used for computational experiments. The analysis was conducted using the IGLA package for constructing cognitive models and assessing impact scenarios. Results. An intelligent security system resilience model was developed, incorporating five key concepts: financial resilience, human resources, technological reliability, information security, and organizational processes. Scenario modeling was conducted to identify the impact of various management strategies on the integrated resilience indicator. Scenario simulations revealed that an integrated approach can increase overall system resilience by 15–20% compared to isolated security improvements. Machine learning experiments achieved a high classification accuracy (up to 0.98) across all models, with logistic regression providing the best balance between precision and recall. Conclusion. Intelligent models based on fuzzy cognitive maps and machine learning methods provide effective assessments of the resilience of security systems in agricultural enterprises. The proposed approach allows for the consideration of uncertainty, modeling threat scenarios, and improving the adaptability of security systems. The practical significance of this work lies in the potential application of the developed models to improve infrastructure protection strategies, enhance information and physical security, and ensure the stable operation of enterprises in uncertain environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dubrovina A.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence of polishing degree on technological traits of grain of different rice varieties
Background. The quality of rice products, their physical properties and nutritional value depend on the degree of grain processing, including its polishing, which removes the surface shells and the germ. The task of the work is to assess the effect of the degree of grain polishing of Russian-bred rice varieties with different grain sizes and shapes on the physical (technological) traits of the grain. Purpose. The goal of the study was to assess the influence of the grain polishing degree of Russian-bred rice varieties with different grain sizes and shapes on the physical (technological) traits of the grain. Materials and methods. The research material included the following varieties: Favorit, Veles, Trio, Regul 2, Forsazh, Strombus, Prestige, Vector, most of which are approved for use. The set of parameters for assessing grain quality included the following indicators: grain size, vitreousity, grain fracturing, total milling yield, head rice content, and bran yield during polishing. The duration of polishing was 50, 90, and 120 seconds. Results. The mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains was in the range of 25.6–26.6 g in the group of medium-weight varieties and 28.4–33.1 g in the group of large-grain rice varieties. In the group of large-grain varieties, the varieties Forsazh and Strombus were the most resistant to intensive polishing, the varieties Prestige and Regul 2 were the least resistant; in the group of medium-weight varieties, the corresponding indicators of the head rice content were significantly lower. Conclusion. Significant dynamics of the indicators was noted already at the initial stage of grain polishing (90 s) in the rice varieties Favorit and Strombus for the indicator “head rice content”, Favorit and Utes - for the bran yield; at the stage of 120 s - in the vari-eties Regul 2 and Vector, Prestige for all traits, the varieties Trio and Forsazh for the indicators “total milling yield” and “bran yield”. Equivalent changes in the indicator of traits with different degrees of polishing were typical for the varieties Strombus and Utes for the indicator of total milling yield; Trio, Utes and Forsazh- for the head rice content and the variety Strombus - for the bran yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Papulova E.Y., Tumanyan N.G., Chizhikova S.S., Troyan R.N., Kumeiko T.B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of quality of experimental white-grain rice populations in accelerated breeding by grain size and vitreosity
Background. In marker-assisted rice breeding, the accelerated development of varieties with superior grain quality traits through advanced biotechnological approaches requires the generation of segregating rice populations followed by phenotyping of genotypes for traits of interest. These segregating populations are used to identify genetic loci (QTLs) associated with complex traits, including rice grain quality, based on phenotypic data. Purpose. The goal of the work was to evaluate experimental BC3 populations of rice based on physical characteristics of grain: size, vitreousity, fracturing, in order to carry out work on targeted selection based on phenotyping and genotyping data of promising plants - prototypes of varieties with specified traits in marker-assisted rice breeding. Materials and methods. The study involved hybrids of 15 combinations of parental forms. The seeds were sown in vessels on the vegetation site of FSBSI Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Pryanishnikov’s mixture was used as the main fertilizer; as they ripened, the seeds were harvested manually. High-tech methods of phenotyping the breeding material were used to conduct the research. The grain size was estimated by the mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains using a moisture analyzer, an air-heat unit, and an automatic seed counter; the vitreousity and grain fracturing were estimated in transmitted light using a diaphanoscope. Results. Genotypes were differentiated and distributed into groups for each trait. As a result of the quality study of the obtained BC3 samples, lines combining high technological grain quality traits were identified using phenotyping data. The mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains was in the range of 23.2-30.2 g in the group of medium-weight samples, the indices of vitreousity and fracturing were 62-93% and 1-9%, respectively. Conclusion. As a result of the comparative analysis of hybrids and parental forms, combinations were noted for which the heterosis effect was typical for grain quality traits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tumanyan N.G., Papulova E.Y., Lalayan L.M., Chizhikova S.S., Kumeiko T.B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Correlation between cardiac rhythm parameters and cytokine profile levels in young cattle during early neonatal ontogenesis
Background. During the growth and development of young cattle, there is a significant association between functional changes in the body and housing conditions, influencing the regulation of immune responses and metabolic processes. In calves kept in natural conditions, the activity of natural immunity regulators prevails, contributing to the optimisation of growth and development processes. At the same time, in young animals exposed to stressful conditions associated with intensive housing methods, a decrease in the activity of these regulators is recorded, which can negatively affect their health and adaptability. Activation of neurohumoral mechanisms, including the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic processes and the immune response in young animals. In calves under stress, an increase in the level of proinflammatory cytokines is noted, which indicates a violation of the physiological balance in the cytokine network. Conversely, in calves kept in more favorable (natural) conditions, a more balanced ratio between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is observed, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and improved adaptive responses. Purpose. The main objective of the present research is to find out the correlation between cardiac rhythm parameters and cytokine profile levels in young cattle during early neonatal ontogenesis. Materials and methods. To study the nature of the correlation between the parameters of the heart rate and the levels of cytokines in young cattle in early neonatal ontogenesis, 50 one-day-old calves aged 5 days were randomly selected at the premises of Chapaevskoye SP LLC. In the first experimental group, after calving, the newborn calf underwent a primary veterinary examination, after which it was left in a group with its mother, simulating natural conditions for the entire duration of the experiment. In the second experimental group, calves were managed according to industrial livestock farming practices. Newborn calves were separated from their mothers immediately after birth and fed with colostrum: two liters within 1-2 hours after birth, followed by an additional two liters by the 12th hour of life. This approach subjected the animals to higher adaptive and domestication stress. Statistical significance was determined in relation to the second experimental group. The calves of all groups underwent heart rate analysis at 5 days of age; the animals were examined in a standing position, in a stall, and in a lateral lying position on an isolated surface using a diagnostic device, a single-channel electrocardiograph EK1T-07 “Axion”. Blood samples were collected aseptically from the tail vein of each experimental group using S-Monovette 1.2 ml (66x8 mm) KZ-EDTA tubes. In stabilized samples, cytokine levels in blood plasma were measured using flow cytometry on a Bio-Plex Protein Assay System (Bio-Rad, USA). The Human 8-Plex Cytokine Panel reagent kit was used for the analysis according to the manufacturer’s instructions. As a result of the study, four types of cytokines were quantitatively measured: interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). To ensure data reliability, cytokine concentrations were determined in three independent experimental series, both for calibration solutions and for the analyzed samples. Quantification was determined in pg/ml using Bio-Plex Manager 6.1 software (Bio-Rad) based on standard calibration curves. The obtained data were processed using descriptive and structural statistics. To analyze the relationships between various heart rate parameters and cytokine levels in young cattle, the statistical method of Pearson correlation (r) was used, determining the degree and direction of the relationship between variables, which is critical for understanding physiological processes and their impact on animal health. Results. Increased activity of the autonomic mechanisms regulating heart rate in newborn calves was associated with reduced function of innate immunity regulators (IL-8), specific immune responses (IL-2 and IL-4), and cytokines involved in inflammatory processes (IL-10). A weak relationship was also found between the activity of the autonomic nervous system, reflected in the very low frequency component (VLF) of heart rate variability, and the level of IL-4. The increased influence of the central nervous system on cardiac activity, including activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, is accompanied by an increase in the concentration of IL-4, which plays an important role in the differentiation of lymphocytes and the development of the immune response, including inflammatory reactions. Conclusion. Analysis of the heart rate dynamics confirmed that under stress conditions, an activation of the autonomous regulatory circuit is observed, which can negatively affect the health of calves. An increase in the activity of low-frequency waves is associated with increased sympathetic activity and stress, while high-frequency waves correlate with the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system and improved adaptive mechanisms. Thus, the study highlights the critical importance of optimizing housing conditions for newborn calves. Correction of environmental factors and minimization of stress are essential to ensure harmonious interaction between central and autonomic regulation. This, in turn, can contribute to improved health, strengthening of the immune response and increased survival of newborn offspring, as well as the effectiveness of adaptation of young cattle in early neonatal ontogenesis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samoylenko V.S., Lapina A.A., Pushkin S.V., Onishchenko A.R., Onishchenko O.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Feeding specifics of the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) in aquaculture
Background. The selection of optimal feed formulations is a primary factor determining the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture. The Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), known for its high growth rates and tolerance to water quality parameters, is a popular aquaculture species worldwide. However, the development of specialized feeds for this species remains insufficiently addressed. In practice, prepared feeds for other crustaceans or for sturgeon are commonly used for its cultivation. In natural habitats, the diet of this crayfish consists primarily of macrophytes (up to 87.5%) and detritus (42.8%), with the proportion of the plant component increasing with body size. The omnivorous feeding type creates opportunities for finding cheaper protein sources compared to fishmeal. Analysis of scientific research has shown that black soldier fly larvae and yellow mealworm can be used as alternatives to fishmeal in feeds for the Australian crayfish. Among plant-based raw materials, soybean, rapeseed, and peanut meal are unsuitable components. The specific feeding behavior of the Red Claw Crayfish necessitates sufficient stabilization and binding of feed pellets. Furthermore, the shape of the feed pellets must be considered, with the prism shape being the most preferable. Developing feed formulations that account for the biological specifics of the Red Claw Crayfish will enhance the efficiency of its aquaculture and reduce costs for farmers. Purpose. To identify the main dietary characteristics and nutritional requirements of the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in order to develop feed formulations that ensure high farming efficiency and economic sustainability in aquaculture. Materials and methods. A comparative – analytical approach was applied in this study. The information base was formed through the analysis of more than 150 scientific publications from both domestic and international sources. Literature searches were conducted in databases such as eLibrary, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Wiley, and others, using keywords in both Russian and English. Results. The analysis revealed that Cherax quadricarinatus is capable of effectively digesting both plant- and animal-based dietary components. Protein was identified as the primary limiting nutrient, with an optimal content for juveniles ranging between 30-33%. As an alternative to fish meal – the most expensive component of aquafeeds – promising protein sources include black soldier fly larvae, yellow mealworms, poultry by-products, and microbial protein DREAMFEED. The species’ specific feeding behavior necessitates high water stability and mechanical strength of feed pellets, as well as adjustment of their shape and size according to crayfish age; prismatic pellets are considered optimal. Experimental studies of both domestic and international feed formulations demonstrated that the use of alternative protein sources and locally available raw materials can reduce feed costs without compromising growth rates or survival. Conclusion. The efficiency of Cherax quadricarinatus aquaculture is largely determined by the quality and nutritional balance of the feed. The biological features of this species, including its versatile digestive system and ability to process a wide range of organic substances, provide a basis for the development of diets using alternative protein sources. Diets that maintain an optimal balance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals contribute to enhanced productivity, survival, and profitability of aquaculture farms. The improvement of feed formulations and manufacturing technologies aimed at increasing water stability and adapting pellet size to different developmental stages represents a key direction for the further advancement of Cherax quadricarinatus aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shevchenko V.N., Maltseva T.A., Olshevskaya A.V., Odabashyan M.Y., Teplyakova S.V., Mangasaryan D.S., Cholutaeva E.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determination of the limiting static climbing angle of a modular power and technological vehicle
Background. Agricultural production is facing a shortage of tractors due to insufficient available machinery. To address this issue, a technological module was developed to increase the versatility of Class 1.4 tractors by upgrading them to a higher traction class. To assess the operational safety of a tractor equipped with a technological module, the maximum static climbing angle was calculated. Purpose. Theoretical calculations were conducted to determine the maximum static climbing angle of a modular power and technological vehicle. Materials and methods. The stability of the MTZ-82 tractor equipped with a technological module, including the coordinates of the overall center of gravity and the maximum static climbing (slope) angle, was analyzed using computational models. Results. The horizontal and vertical coordinates of the center of gravity of the tractor and technological module were found to be 0.38 m and 0.885 m respectively. The maximum static climbing angle of the MTZ-82 tractor with technological module was found to be 71.7°. Conclusion. Theoretical calculations of the maximum static angle of ascent have shown that the modular energy technology device is capable of performing the full range of technological operations without compromising operational safety.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lavrov A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The influence of heat treatment regimes on the mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin composites reinforced with fiberglass for agricultural machinery working parts
Background. In modern agriculture, enhancing the durability and efficiency of machinery components, such as soil tiller blades, is crucial for improving productivity and sustainability. In this context, the study of advanced materials like glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters presents a relevant challenge. Purpose. The aim of this research was to experimentally investigate the possibility of improving the properties of this composite material for the production of agricultural machinery parts. Materials and Methods. For the study, samples were made from glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester with various proportions of added components. The samples were divided into two groups: one group underwent thermal treatment, while the other remained untreated. Mechanical property testing was conducted using standard tensile tests to determine the values of tensile strength. Observations were also made regarding changes in mechanical properties under prolonged heat exposure. Results. The results showed that samples with optimized proportions of added components, without direct thermal treatment, exhibited lower tensile strength values compared to samples that underwent thermal treatment. However, with prolonged application of heat over a relatively long period, the strength values began to decrease significantly. This indicates that extended heating leads to increased brittleness of the polyester composition and enhances reactions occurring within the mixture, negatively affecting the strength properties of the material under investigation. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate a complex relationship between thermal treatment and the strength characteristics of the material. While thermal treatment may initially improve properties, prolonged heat exposure can lead to structural degradation and reduced strength. These results highlight the importance of optimizing technological processes in the production of soil tiller bladeto achieve a balance between enhancing mechanical properties and preventing undesirable changes associated with thermal treatment. Tensile test results showed that proportions approved for the production of glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester soil tiller blade without direct thermal treatment lead to lower tensile strength values compared to thermally treated samples. This suggests incomplete curing of the mixture, resulting in a reduction of the studied mechanical properties. Furthermore, prolonged heat exposure for a relatively long duration (up to 72 hours) caused a significant decrease in tensile strength values. This indicates that prolonged heating enhances the reactions occurring within the mixture, leading to increased brittleness of the polyester composition and adversely affecting its strength characteristics. The study demonstrated that the correct choice of component proportions and thermal treatment regimes is critical for achieving optimal mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters. These results could serve as a foundation for further research and development in materials science aimed at creating more efficient and durable materials for use in agricultural machinery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Antypas I.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Use of biotechnological methods for accelerated improvement of Kalmyk cattle
Background. The reduction in the number of some domestic breeds raises concerns among livestock experts. One of the reasons for the reduction in the number of livestock is the lack of purebred bulls, which are able to preserve the breed. Kalmyk breed of cattle is the only ancient aboriginal domestic breed of meat direction. It is kept on year-round pasture keeping, thus on productivity indicators it is not inferior to foreign breeds of meat direction. In this connection preservation and improvement of the gene pool of this breed is important. Kalmyk cattle breed is one of the few indigenous Russian breeds that still possesses unique genetics. Currently, the breed needs to be restored and protected. In order to increase the number and improve the breed qualities of Kalmyk animals, selection is necessary, which should be based on reliable information about the origin of animals and identification of candidate genes marking productive and reproductive qualities. Restoration and improvement of breed qualities of Kalmyk cattle is possible only under the condition of accelerated reproduction of purebred genotyped stock with the use of biotechnological methods in reproduction. The analysis of complex evaluation of animals showed the variability of live weight of bulls-producers and cows in different periods of growth, from 20, 22 kg at birth to 320, 380 kg at 15 months. Evaluation of the genetic structure of the Kalmyk population for meat productivity genes CAPN1, TG5, GH, revealed a high level of homozygous individuals with desirable genotypes, more than 40%. The average level of heterozygous individuals is 30%. The results obtained on the genetic structure of Kalmyk cattle in the Republic of Kalmykia demonstrate a moderate level of genetic diversity and suggest the possibility of restoring a “pure” gene pool. The selected schemes of hormonal polyovulation for the arid breed revealed a high percentage of fertilization (81%) and 92.3% of donor cows responding with superovulation. On average, 8.8% of embryos were obtained per donor, and 5.5% of them were suitable. Thus, the results of research work on the use of biotechnological methods in reproduction of indigenous breeds confirm the fact of successful approbation and further utilization of genetic potential of highly valuable animals. Purpose. The aim of the research is to study the way of using biotechnological methods for accelerated improvement of Kalmyk cattle breed. Materials and methods. As part of the research work conducted at Kalmyk University on the use of biotechnological methods in indigenous animal husbandry, the Kalmyk breed of cattle bred in breeding farms of the Republic of Kalmykia served as an object of research. Animals were annually evaluated for purebredity in a complex way. We have processed and analyzed the data on animals: primary accounting on productivity indicators, genealogical affiliation (data of 33,135 heads, year of birth 2014-2023 were studied). When analyzing the complex evaluation, we relied on the methodology of evaluating the breeding value of beef cattle, approved by the Eurasian Economic Commission, for further implementation of the evaluation of the breeding value of the Kalmyk breed. Results. Identification of candidate genes associated with qualitative and quantitative indicators of meat were investigated in breeding farms of the Republic of Kalmykia. Population analysis was carried out in steers of Kalmykian breed at the age of 8 months. 1626 heads were studied and live weight of young animals was evaluated. The data on genotypes associated with live weight are shown in the diagram. Conclusion. Experimental studies conducted on the experimental herd on the use of biotechnological methods in the reproduction of indigenous breeds have shown the fundamental possibility of using reproductive biotechnology in the reproduction of Kalmyk meat breed. During the research work more than 150 pieced with Kalmyk cattle embryos were received and frozen.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chimidova N.V., Ubushieva A.V., Bochkaeva Z.V., Khakhlinov A.I., Ubushieva V.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ecological and biological features of species of the genus Acer L. growing along the highways
Background. At the present stage of urban development in Donbass, the problem of the ecological state of the environment and the assessment of ecosystem sustainability has become particularly acute, aggravated by the impact of new anthropogenic and manmade factors. One of the priority tasks of the region is the selection of species and the scientific substantiation of the list of the main forest-forming species of Donbass. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological and biological properties of species of the genus Acer L., growing in the changing climate of Donbass and anthropogenic stress. Materials and methods. Field research and material collection were carried out in the period from 2023 to 2025 along the highways of Donetsk city and park areas. During the study, trees of six species of the genus Acer L. were evaluated. in the conditions of the steppe zone of Donbass: Acer campestre L., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer saccharinum L., Acer tataricum L. The viability of the trees was assessed using the Alekseev integral scale. To assess the strength and mechanical stability of woody plants growing in an urbanized city, the following parameters were used: bending resistance, maximum permissible load and weight, relative bending resistance. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the ecological and biological properties of six species of the genus Acer L. are described. The viability, morphometric parameters, and age structure of Acer L. plantings have been determined. From the standpoint of biomechanics of living systems, species with higher wood density and fiber elasticity, A. campestre and A. platanoides, demonstrate increased resistance to mechanical damage, which allows them to withstand extreme weather events and maintain their structure in conditions of anthropogenic impact. For plants A. negundo, from the standpoint of the anatomical features of wood and the physico-mechanical properties of tissues in an urban environment, after 35 years, mechanical stability decreases by ~60%, which affects the accident rate of such trees. A. tataricum retains stable physico-mechanical characteristics both under control conditions and in areas exposed to anthropogenic influences. This fact indicates the potential expediency of its use in landscaping projects. However, given its aggressiveness, selective rather than large-scale use is recommended, for example, for the formation of hedges or alley plantings. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to develop urban greening strategies, taking into account the sustainability and adaptability of various species of the genus Acer L. This will create more stable and functional urban ecosystems in a changing climate, as well as capable of withstanding anthropogenic factors and providing favorable conditions for human and animal life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kornienko V.O., Shkirenko A.O., Reutskaya V.V., Djedirov D.A., Shevchenko V.N., Odabashyan M.Y., Teplyakova S.V., Vershinina A.V., Mangasaryan D.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Essential characteristics of the regulatory framework for managing the formation of a new technological structure in agricultural sector
Background. The article discusses the issues of methodological formation of the regulatory framework for managing the formation of a new technological structure in agriculture. It is proved that in the modern period of the revival and formation of the national strategic planning system, methodological and methodological approaches, algorithms and methods for calculating indicators (standards, standards) of production and economic activity in the agricultural sector, allowing to substantiate strategic guidelines for the development of individual sub-sectors in the short, medium and long term, are missing, outdated or do not correspond to modern economic conditions.. The necessity of timely updating of the central link of the regulatory framework - the system of norms and regulations, as well as updating the methods of its development is argued. Purpose. The main goal of this article is to substantiate the role and significance of the essential characteristics of the regulatory framework for managing the formation of a new technological order in the agricultural sector in the strategic planning system. Materials and methods. The work uses works of modern authors such as I. S. Belik, S. E. Demidova, E. V. Zhiryaeva, A. V. Kalina, V. V. Krivorotova et al., when highlighting issues of state regulation of the economy, much attention is paid not to the system of norms and regulations, but to macroeconomic indicators that determine the contour of the development of the national economy, based on set priorities and strategic goals, and including interrelated thresholds of targets that must be achieved within the framework of the established organizational and economic mechanism of management and existing at the disposal of financial, logistical, labor and other types of resources. The theoretical and methodological basis and methodological approaches to the formation of a system of norms and regulations in agriculture at the corporate level in a planned economy are studied in sufficient detail in the works of R. A. Korenchenko, T. D. Kurkin, N. I. Prok, V. F. Nesterov, I. N. Soldatov, etc. The issues of the formation of the regulatory framework as a tool for long-term and long-term policy planning are studied in sufficient detail in the works of L. B. Shabanova et al. The development of annual operational planning at the corporate level is highlighted in the works of M. A. Bashin, V. K. Bekleshov, V. I. Belotserkovsky, A. A. Zvyagina. Methodological approaches adapted to the market economy are highlighted in the publications of M. I. Bukhalkov, N. F. Gaivoronskaya, V. V. Garkavogo, G. V. Grigorieva, V. Ya. Kavardakov, V. V. Kuznetsov, A. V. Derevyankin, A. F. Zakharov and others. Results and conclusion. The regulatory framework for managing the formation of a new technological structure in the agricultural sector is focused on the development of target indicators or thresholds for key strategic planning documents based on progressive scientifically based values that allow the formation of objective and achievable indicators of the strategic development of the industry at all levels of government (federal, regional, territorial, corporate). In this regard, it is within the framework of the formation of the regulatory framework for strategic planning that the concept of state regulation of agriculture is being developed, which allows economic methods to reorient the business entities of the agricultural sector to develop certain industries, carry out technical and technological modernization, digital transformation of production, etc. At the same time, the system of norms and regulations within the framework of the regulatory framework of management acts as an assessment measure, a reference indicator that contributes to the speedy transition of agricultural producers to a new technological order.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kholodova M.A., Kabanenko M.N., Kholodov O.A., Zubareva O.A., Muradova S.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Software for monitoring the production process of rice agrocenosis based on a database
Background. The results of the study of the production process of intensive and extensive rice varieties are summarized in a single database (DB) registered in Rospatent No. 202462462. It includes two main parts: descriptions of the object of study and tabular data having a structure and interrelations according to the logical scheme, which was created in the Microsoft Access program. The latter manages the database (DBMS) of biological features that form the rice yield. The database contains data for identifying the interaction of biological features of plants with their optical characteristics in the formation of the yield of rice agrophytocenoses and the introduction of scientifically sound methods for monitoring the physiological state of crops and forecasting the yield. In vegetation and microfield experiments, the patterns of growth and formation of productivity of different types of rice varieties are considered. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of donor-acceptor relationships in plants and crops as the main stage of the production process, determining the economic productivity of genotypes. Purpose. The aim of the research is to study the production process of intensive and extensive rice varieties. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in two experiments: a vegetation-microfield experiment and a field experiment (2017-2024). Results. The developed database contains a set of data reflecting information on the biological characteristics of plants that determine rice yield. Research on monitoring rice crops was conducted in the physiology laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Rice”. The developed database is necessary to identify the interaction of biological characteristics of plants with their optical characteristics. In this version of the program, five basic forms are used to enter the initial data, with the help of which data is entered, edited and viewed: information on the yield and its structure (productivity); optical characteristics of the object (optical indicators); information on the research material (research material); information on climatic conditions (climatic data); Variety passport (characteristics of the variety under study). Conclusion. The structure of the DB of morphophysiological features of rice plants is presented. Information support for monitoring rice agrophytocenoses is carried out based on the entered data on biological features that form rice yield. Specialists of rice-growing farms to monitor the state of rice crops, adjust nitrogen fertilization and forecast the yield use the presented DB.
Copyright (c) 2025 Garkusha S.V., Skazhennik M.A., Kovalev V.S., Chizhikov V.N., Petrushin A.F., Pshenitsyna T.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Immunological status of highly productive cows with comorbid obstetric-gynecological and orthopedic pathology
Background. Research and clinical observation confirm a significant correlation between postpartum metabolic/obstetric diseases and the development of orthopedic pathology in highly productive cows. In particular, a study supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 24-26-00172) revealed a clear relationship between the development of purulent-necrotic lesions of the hooves and the occurrence of postpartum endometritis in high-yielding cows. In this study, the following groups of animals were formed by randomization: group 1 (n=28): cows with acute purulent-catarrhal postpartum endometritis; group 2 (n=25): animals with purulent-necrotic lesions of the hooves; group 3 (n=27): cows with a comorbid course of both pathologies; and the control group (n=23): clinically healthy animals. All individuals selected for the study had their jugular venous blood collected on an empty stomach into sterile tubes for subsequent immunological analysis. It was found that the comorbid course of these pathologies is significantly more severe than each of the diseases in isolation. This is evidenced by the immunological screening we conducted. In this regard, when an animal has multiple pathologies, an individual approach is necessary, which dictates the need for a comprehensive study of the clinical course of the main, concomitant, and even previous diseases, their comprehensive diagnosis, and rational treatment. Purpose. The purpose of the present paper is to study the immunological status of highly productive cows with comorbid obstetric-gynecological and orthopedic pathology. Materials and methods. To assess the dynamics of the clinical manifestation of hoof diseases, an orthopedic examination was conducted on a monthly basis throughout the year. During this examination, the following were evaluated: the degree and nature of hoof deformities; the intensity of corneal destruction; the presence of specific lesions such as pockets, delamination, and cracks; and the position of the thoracic and pelvic limbs. In cows with identified purulent-necrotic lesions during the postpartum period, a detailed obstetric and gynecological examination was additionally performed. It included a clinical examination, transrectal palpation, and ultrasound scanning, which was performed using the Scanner Falco device (8 MHz). Ultrasound was used to determine the size, echodensity, tissue homogeneity, and echogenicity of the reproductive structures. For immunological studies, blood was taken from the jugular vein of sick animals and cows from the control group (n=23) in the morning before feeding into sterile tubes. The total protein content in the blood serum of cows was determined using the biuret reaction, and the protein fractions were determined using the nephelometric method, and the A/G ratio was calculated. The amount of C-reactive protein was determined using the immunofluorescence method. The concentration of ceruloplasmin (CP) in the blood serum was determined by the standard method based on the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine with the participation of CP. The level of fibrinogen was determined spectrophotometrically, haptoglobin – by turbidimetric method. The level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and their fractional composition were analyzed on the basis of determination of their molecular weight. The concentrations of interleukins (IL-1a and IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using commercial kits of monoclonal antibodies and reagents manufactured by Cytokin LLC, Saint Petersburg, Russia. Results. According to the Tukey multiple comparison analysis, the most significant increase in the level of CIC was observed in the group of animals with comorbid pathology. This indicates that the combined course of endometritis and hoof diseases leads to a more severe systemic inflammatory response compared to isolated forms of the diseases. This is evidenced by the indicators of protein metabolism, the level of acute phase proteins, the cytokine profile, and the amount of circulating immune complexes in the blood samples of the experimental animals. Conclusion. Currently, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive fundamental study of comorbidity in veterinary practice. The results of our research demonstrate that the comorbid course of orthopedic and obstetric-gynecological pathologies in high-yielding animals is characterized by a more severe clinical picture compared to isolated forms of monopathologies. This is evidenced by our immunological screening. In this regard, when an animal has multiple pathologies, an individual approach is necessary, which requires a comprehensive study of the clinical course of the main, concomitant, and even previous diseases, as well as their comprehensive diagnosis and rational treatment. In the future, it is necessary to create a universal tool that allows veterinarians to instantly and easily assess the structure, severity, and possible consequences of concomitant diseases in animals, conduct targeted diagnostics, and then prescribe the correct set of medical measures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lutsay V.I., Rudenko P.A., Sibirtsev V.D., Nefedov A.M., Rudenko A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Traction characteristics of tires of various designs for the complete set of mobile propulsion devices of the fifth traction class
Background. Tire properties are the main factors determining traction and agricultural technological performance of wheeled mobile energy vehicles. Purpose. The purpose of the research is to study the traction indicator efficiency of large-sized tires of various designs for equipping the running system of mobile power equipment of the fifth traction class. Materials and methods. Traction efficiency, as a universal indicator of the operation efficiency of a wheeled mobile energy machine, is largely determined by the pneumatic tire design of a running system. Therefore, serial tires 30.5R-32 and 33R-32, tires with optimized shell reinforcement 30.5R-32M and 33R-32M, and tires of experimental (diagonal-parallel) design 33DP-32 were used as objects of research. The research of tires designed for tractors’ driving wheels of the fifth traction class, in order to establish their traction and energy parameters, was carried out experimentally by testing them on a specially manufactured tire test bench. Traction properties tests of tires (at various air pressures in them) were carried out on different supporting bases: concrete, stubble of grain ears, and a field for sowing. Results’ confirmation was obtained during traction tests of the K-701M tractor when its running system was equipped with tested tires. Results. As a result of the traction tests carried out on a tractor of the fifth traction class (K-701M), the undoubted advantage of installing tires with optimal internal reinforcement parameters on its driving wheels over equipping them with mass-produced tires was established. All tires tested on a concrete base showed almost the same traction characteristics, but still the 30.5R-32M, 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires had slightly higher values. On stubble and in the field for sowing, the 30.5R-32M, 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires showed a higher traction efficiency of 0.03 or more due to a decrease in slipping by 5...16% compared to the production ones. It should be noted that the 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires have a noticeable advantage in traction performance at both agricultural ranges when setting a reduced intraperitoneal pressure, which is 0.11 and 0.09 MPa for them, respectively, on stubble and 0.09 and 0.07 MPa in the field for sowing. Conclusion. It is proved that the K-701M tractor, which had upgraded and experimental tires installed on the driving wheels, showed a higher (from 7 to 19%) conditional traction efficiency compared to the complete set of its chassis system with serial tires. It was found that the serial tires 30.5R-32 and 33R-32, when tested on a rigid support, showed almost the same traction efficiency. The best traction and energy performance on concrete was shown by the upgraded 33R-32M tires and, especially, the 33DP-32, which showed a traction efficiency of almost 0.84 due to slight slipping (3.2%). At various agricultural farms, the serial tire 30.5R-32 demonstrated the lowest traction performance, while the diagonal-parallel tire 33DP-32 demonstrated the highest traction performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kravchenko V.A., Kravchenko L.V., Melikov I.M., Gasanova E.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Method of protection of coastal lands of the Kudepsta River in case of emergencies
Background. Long-term hydrological observations of the Kudepsta River formed the basis for a comprehensive study of the water body. Application of modern geoinformation technologies and statistical analysis method, large-scale field surveys of river channel processes allowed to justify the method of flood protection of the Kudepsta River coastal lands. As a result of the survey of the Kudepsta River channel section in the area of Kudepsta settlement and calculations of shoreline displacement, it was proposed to apply a flexible gabion structure to strengthen the right bank part of the river. This design demonstrates high efficiency of protective measures against erosion and waterlogging of the coastal strip. The estimation of economic efficiency of the method of bank protection is carried out, as a result the coefficient of economic efficiency is equal to 1.77, which is economically favorable. The payback period of construction will be 1 year. Practical experience in the implementation of such engineering solutions can be widely used in the implementation of bank protection works on mountain rivers in various subjects of the Russian Federation. Purpose. Objective of the study to investigate the method of protection of the coastal lands of the Kudepsta River in case of emergency situations. Materials and methods. The study area is located on the right bank of the Kudepsta River, its length is 358 meters. The site is located in the mouth of the Kudepsta River valley – it is a right bank section of the river, which is represented by a terrace with an overflow exposed ledge with a height of 2 to 5 meters. It is characterized by degradation associated with landslide processes occurring in the riverbed Results. To prevent flooding of the adjacent territory and erosion of the banks of the Kudepsta River in the study area it is necessary to build a retaining wall 5.0 m high, 358 m long from gabion structures. Bottom reinforcement of the channel bottom is provided taking into account the possibility of its erosion and in order to protect the erosion funnel. Conclusion. Based on the survey of the Kudepsta River channel section and shoreline displacement calculations, flexible gabion structures should be used to reinforce the right bank part of the river. This design demonstrates high efficiency of protective measures against erosion and waterlogging of the coastal strip. A method of coastal protection to prevent flooding of the adjacent territory and erosion of the banks of the Kudepsta River at the research site by means of a retaining wall 5.0 m high, 358 m long made of soft gabion structures is proposed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kravchenko L.V., Khadzhidi A.E., Kolmychek D.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The impact of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises
Background. The study provides definitions of “capital”, “total capital”, “financial stability”, “solvency”, and analyzes the influence of the composition and structure of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural formations. The study was based on general scientific methods of cognition. The study examined the history of the development of the definition of “capital” and its components, systematized the risks that have a negative impact on the solvency and financial stability of agricultural enterprises. The article defines the components of the total capital of agricultural enterprises, examines their relationship, as well as the relationship between financial stability and solvency, selects indicators that most fully characterize the level of financial stability and solvency of economic entities, analyzes the impact of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. The study formulates the main problems that have a negative impact on the composition and structure of total capital and, as a consequence, on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises, and suggests directions for optimizing the composition and structure of total capital that can have a positive impact on the level of financial stability and solvency of agricultural businesses. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. Materials and methods. The study was based on the following methods of knowledge: static, dialectical, logical, comparative, and also used the methods of modeling, formalization, synthesis, induction, deduction, analysis, grouping, observation, absolute, relative, average values. The empirical basis of the study was the main forms of accounting statements of agricultural businesses operating in the southern regions of the Rostov region, as well as official statistics. The scientific and methodological basis of the study was the legislatively enshrined principles of drawing up accounting and statistical reports, methods of analyzing financial stability and solvency, articles of domestic and foreign accounting in scientific publications, materials of scientific and practical conferences, monographs. Results. Optimal interaction of the components of the total capital ensures effective management of an agricultural enterprise in modern business conditions and has a direct impact on its financial stability and solvency. The study showed that all enterprises where equity capital occupies a predominant share in the financial capital are more financially stable than those that carry out statutory activities at the expense of borrowed sources of financing. The share of debt coverage of agricultural enterprises depends to a greater extent on the amount of financial capital in the structure of total capital, that is, the larger the share of equity capital in the total capital, the greater the likelihood of timely coverage of debt obligations to counterparties. The probability of repaying current debt is higher for those enterprises that have a large share of borrowed capital in the total. The lowest level of total solvency is observed at an enterprise with a large share of borrowed capital. Thus, the ratio of financial capital components in the total capital affects the level of financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. Physical capital as part of total capital has an indirect impact on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. Conclusion. Different forms of ownership and sizes of the enterprises under study do not have a significant impact on the composition and structure of their total capital. This fact has a negative impact on the level of their financial stability and solvency, which suggests the need to develop measures to optimize the composition and structure of the capital of enterprises, taking into account the conditions for implementing their statutory activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Efremenko I.N., Butkova O.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Irrigation of slope lands by subsurface irrigation method using a simulator of horizontal wells
Background. To evaluate the effect of different irrigation parameters, a model of a sloping slope was developed for experiments, and different irrigation regimes were investigated using a horizontal well simulator. To consider the process of subsurface irrigation were modeled sloping slopes of sand-soil on the laboratory installation of the author’s design, implemented at the Department of Hydraulics and Agricultural Water Supply of Kuban State Agricultural University. Based on the analysis of the results of the experiments, a graph showing the trajectory of irrigation water movement when modeling subsurface irrigation using a simulator of horizontal well was obtained for the first time. The obtained results showed that the main flow of irrigation water in the process of its movement has the trajectory of a downward curve, originating directly from the simulator of horizontal well, then passing at an angle the whole considered area of the slope, and ending at its lower boundary. Purpose. Purpose of the study to investigate the effectiveness of subsurface irrigation on sloping slope models using a horizontal well simulator. Materials and methods. Measurement of the indicators of slope angle and soil moisture level were carried out in laboratory conditions, experiments using a simulator of horizontal wells; the method of mathematical modeling was used for the analysis of wetting processes; statistical methods were used for the processing of experimental data. This work is based on the analysis of methods and techniques of irrigation on sloping soil surfaces. To consider the process of subsurface irrigation were modeled sloping slopes of sand-soil on the laboratory installation of the author’s design, implemented at the Department of Hydraulics and Agricultural Water Supply of Kuban State Agricultural University. Horizontal well simulators in the form of U-shaped tubes consisting of two vertical parts and one perforated horizontal part were placed in the sand-soil of the author’s laboratory installation. A multifactorial experiment was conducted on the experimental laboratory installation to study the technical feasibility of quality irrigation of crops grown on sloping slopes with the help of simulators of horizontal wells equidistantly located down the slope. Results. The data obtained during the laboratory experiment were processed, and on the basis of their analysis the graphs of dependences of water penetration distances on its volumes at angles of inclination to the plane of 10-30 degrees were plotted. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the results of the experiments, for the first time a graph showing the trajectory of irrigation water movement when modeling subsurface irrigation using a simulator of a horizontal well was obtained, which demonstrated the movement of the main flow of irrigation water, which is the trajectory of a downward curve originating directly from the simulator of a horizontal well, then passing at an angle through the whole slope area under consideration, and ending at its lower boundary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kravchenko L.V., Lebedev A.S., Khadzhidi A.E., Khashirova T.Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital modeling in the study of agricultural land degradation processes
Background. This article discusses the problem of soil degradation from flooding and waterlogging. The analysis of the influence of these factors on the quality of land resources and agricultural productivity is given. As a solution, it is proposed to use digital surface modeling and other methods aimed at preventing erosion and improving soil condition. The article may be useful for scientists and specialists in the field of land reclamation and agronomy Purpose. Objective of the study to explore numerical modeling in the study of agricultural land degradation processes. Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the Dinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory, which belongs to the steppe zone. This area is characterized by significant humidification (from moderate to severe), relatively warm winters, short spring, hot summers, and long warm autumn. The annual rainfall in recent decades has increased to 643 mm, including 370 mm for the warm period (April – October) and 273 mm for the cold period (November – March). Results. A feature of the territory has been determined, which is weak slopes and depressions of the terrain, in which even small obstacles to surface and ground runoff in wet years can lead to waterlogging of soils. Closed relief depressions (saucers) were formed due to subsidence of soils under the influence of natural moisture. Due to the high porosity and significant carbonate content, loess-like rocks of the irrigation site are predisposed to subsidence phenomena that occur during irrigation or during waterlogging of rocks. The territory is in the initial stage of degradation caused by flooding and waterlogging of the land. Land degradation is caused by natural and anthropogenic factors, where anthropogenic factors are more strongly influenced. Conclusion. For intensive use of the studied territory (which is represented by meadow-chernozem leached weakly developed soils) in agricultural production, it is necessary to: carry out reclamation work on drainage (reducing the level of high water) by installing tubular periodic drainage in irrigation fields with the withdrawal of excess water into drainage channels that are located parallel to the irrigation fields; construction of absorption wells in the centers of low-lying areas of fields with upstream and outlet through drainage pipes into drainage channels that are located parallel to irrigation fields; to improve water permeability and aeration, eliminate the plow sole and reduce the density of the humus horizon of meadow-chernozem leached weakly silted soils, use chisels or deep dredges once every 2-3 years; change the composition of crop rotation by increasing the proportion of legumes crops; application of organic matter to the fields in the amount of 8-10 t/ha for 5 years.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kravchenko L.V., Khadzhidi A.E., Kurtnezirov A.N., Kilidi K.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Immunomodulatory feed additives for farm animals and fish
Background. Modern applied biotechnology is focused on the development and implementation of fundamentally new multifunctional feed additives in a complex form. Currently, new approaches to the maintenance of farm animals and aquaculture objects under the influence of environmental factors are being sought, based on the use of biologically active additives. Intensive antibiotic therapy has become one of the reasons for the disruption of normal bacteriocenosis and a decrease in the immunobiological reactivity of animals and fish, the emergence of resistant strains of pathogens, which reduces the therapeutic effect of antibacterial drugs. The use of antibiotics leads to the accumulation of microorganisms with complex antibiotic resistance in the environment, their entry into natural water bodies is almost impossible. One of the promising ways to solve these problems is the use of feed additives with immunomodulatory action. The article examines existing feed additives with biological activity, provides generalized literature data on the use of biological additives in animal husbandry and aquaculture. Purpose. The objective of the present study is to investigate impact of immunomodulatory feed additives on farm animals and fish. Materials and methods. Feeds play a crucial role in the diet of farm animals and fish, as they must contain all the necessary nutrients, vitamins and minerals to ensure healthy growth and development of animals and aquaculture objects. Such preparations as probiotics (including symbiotics and metabiotics), prebiotics, and synbiotics, which are actively used in feed production, meet these requirements. In 1995, Gibson and Robertfroy introduced the concepts that should be classified as prebiotics and found that these components should be: 1) a selective component that promotes the metabolic activity or growth of one or more beneficial bacteria; 2) capable of altering the microbiota towards a healthy state; 3) capable of exerting a systemic or luminal beneficial effect on the host organism; 4) not absorbed and not hydrolyzed in the upper part of the stomach. Results. Current research shows the positive impact of prebiotic use on performance, including improved weight gain, improved feed conversion and reduced disease. Prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the intestines of animals. This reduces the concentration of pathogens such as salmonella and coliform bacteria, which reduces the risk of disease and improves the overall health of animals and fish. Research confirms the possibility of reducing the use of antibiotics in feed through the use of prebiotics, which is important in the context of the problem of antibiotic resistance. Prebiotics can be used to improve the environmental sustainability of livestock and aquaculture, as they help to reduce the release of harmful substances into the environment. Conclusion. Numerous scientific studies confirm the beneficial effects of immunomodulatory additives on the health of animals, poultry and aquaculture objects, especially in terms of protection against pathogens, stimulation of the immune response and increased productivity. Prebiotics can be used as an alternative or enhance the effect of probiotics. The use of a combination of these components, demonstrating a synergistic effect, can be even more effective in stimulating the intestinal microbiota and protecting animal health. One promising area of research is the use of wheat grain heap as an immunomodulatory additive, which has high prebiotic properties. In the future, it is necessary to pay attention to studies of the thermal treatment of grain in the production of feed and feed additives. It should be emphasized that the use of feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics is safe, does not have a negative impact on the natural environment and reduces the demand for antibiotic-based growth promoters. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotic organisms, prebiotics, and their combinations in synbiotics require further research. In the technology of compound feed production, plant raw materials, including wheat, are subjected to the extrusion process in order to increase the nutritional value, during which, during heat treatment, pathogenic microorganisms are killed. Presumably, wheat grain of early ripeness phases may lose its beneficial properties during heat treatment (extrusion). In this regard, it is advisable to conduct research on the effect of grain processing on its prebiotic properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudoy D.V., Ponomareva E.N., Mangasaryan D.S., Maltseva T.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The effect of a probiotic based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 on the composition of intramuscular fat and the amino acid composition of goat meat protein was studied
Background. The article presents the results of an experimental study evaluating the effect of the probiotic strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475, used in dosages of 4×109 and 4×107 CFU, on the metabolic profile of Zaanen goats, with an emphasis on the modulation of the composition of volatile fatty acids in intramuscular fat and the amino acid spectrum of muscle protein in the age periods of 8 months and 4 of the year. It was found that probiotic intervention induced a statistically significant modification of lipid metabolism, expressed in an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids by 5.22-7.23% (8 months) and 1.62% (4 years), monounsaturated – by 1.14-2.95% and 0.4-2.26%, polyunsaturated – by 0.67-1.53% and 0.46–0.81%, as well as an increase in the level of linoleic acid by 0.83-1.13% and 0.05-0.24%, with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of linolenic acid by 0.19-0.49% and 0.04-0.17%, respectively. The data obtained highlight the potential of B. amyloliquefaciens as a functional additive for targeted correction of the nutritional status of productive animals. Purpose. To study the effect of the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the amino acid composition of goat meat Materials and methods. A probiotic based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 (B. amyloliquefaciens) was produced in the research laboratory of the individual entrepreneur and head of the farm “Tsirulev Evgeny Pavlovich”. The preparation is a light-brown liquid with an average concentration of 4×109 CFU. An experimental study was conducted at the goat milk production and processing farm of Semkina O.V. in the Privolzhsky District, Samara Region. Kids were selected as matched pairs, 10 animals per group, at 2 months of age. Three groups of animals, 10 animals each, were created for the experiment. The control group included young kids on a basic feeding ration. Goats in the first experimental group received a probiotic at a dose of 4×109, while those in the second experimental group received 4×107 30 minutes before feeding, one capsule per head once daily for one month, administered using a bolus dispenser. Animals were slaughtered at the age of 8 months. A similar experiment was conducted with animals aged 4 years; they were also given the probiotic annually for 2 months. The experiment examined the effect of the probiotic on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (studied using FT-MIR spectroscopy) and the amino acid composition of meat protein (studied using the method described in GOST 34132-2017, method for amino acid analysis). Results. A significant quality indicator is not only the fat content but also the fatty acid composition of its lipid fraction. Animal fats contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acids, which play a vital role in metabolic processes. Like essential amino acids, they are not synthesized in the body, or are synthesized to a limited extent. A prolonged lack of polyunsaturated acids in the diet leads to growth retardation, necrotic skin lesions, and changes in capillary permeability. Conclusion. The use of a probiotic based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 in raising Saanen goats demonstrates a positive effect on the lipid and amino acid composition of meat. In the short term (8 months), an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids by 5.22-7.23%, monounsaturated fatty acids by 1.14-2.95%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids by 0.67-1.53% was observed, including an increase in linoleic acid content by 0.83-1.13%, while linolenic acid decreased by 0.19–0.49%. In the long-term experiment (4 years), the changes persist, but are more pronounced: an increase in saturated fatty acids by 1.62%, monounsaturated by 0.4-2.26%, polyunsaturated by 0.46-0.81% and linoleic acid by 0.05-0.24%, as well as a decrease in the content of linolenic acid by 0.04-0.17%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Molyanova G.V., Orlov M.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of the effect of UV irradiation of seed-bearing wheat on enzyme activity during germination
Background. In this article, the study is devoted to the influence of UV irradiation on the activity of enzymes (amylase, catalase and peroxidase) in germinating seeds of winter wheat variety Rostovchanka 5. The aim of the study was to select the optimal modes of UV irradiation to stimulate germination. The results of the study indicate that short-term UV irradiation (3-5 minutes) can effectively stimulate enzyme activity in germinating winter wheat seeds, which can potentially increase germination and germination energy. These results may be useful for the development of innovative environmentally safe methods of pre-sowing seed stimulation. In this article, the study is devoted to the influence of UV irradiation on the activity of enzymes (amylase, catalase and peroxidase) in germinating seeds of winter wheat variety Rostovchanka 5. The aim of the study is to select the optimal modes of UV irradiation to stimulate germination. Purpose. The aim of the study was to select the optimal modes of UV irradiation to stimulate germination Materials and methods. In 2022-2024, research was conducted on wheat seeds of the Rostovchanka 5 variety bred in the Rostov region Irradiation of seeds with UV rays after soaking in distilled water accelerates germination by 20%. The laboratory conducted experiments with repetition of 100 grains, moistening them every day with a tray of water in the thermostat. Results. The results of the study indicate that short-term UV irradiation (3-5 minutes) can effectively stimulate enzyme activity in germinating winter wheat seeds, which can potentially increase germination and germination energy. Conclusion. A mercury-quartz lamp for irradiation of winter soft wheat seeds was used for the study. The activity of enzymes (amylase, catalase, peroxidase) depending on irradiation time was determined. The study showed that the use of UV irradiation to irradiate seeds improves their germination, activates biochemical processes and promotes plant growth. This demonstrates the importance of using UV irradiation in agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tupolskich T.I., Eroshenko A.A., Gucheva N.V., Doroshenko V.A., Gordeeva N.V., Fedorova A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Alternative methods of disease prevention and treatment in aquaculture
Background. In recent years, the use of antibiotics in aquaculture has raised increasing concern due to the development of microorganism resistance to antibacterial drugs and the negative impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, search for alternative methods for treating and preventing fish diseases has become an urgent task. Promising alternatives for the prevention and treatment of aquaculture species include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, phytobiotics, bacteriophages, and quorum sensing (QS) inhibition mechanisms. The state of the microflora of aquatic organisms is crucial for enhancing the organism’s resistance to infectious diseases. Thus, using agents that can positively influence the microbiota, exert antimicrobial effects, and modulate the immune system is essential for the effective development of the aquaculture industry. This article discusses some of the main fish diseases, the likelihood of which increases with the intensification of aquaculture. Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are often the cause of diseases and financial losses in the industry. The work provides an overview of alternative methods for preventing and treating fish diseases that can reduce the use of antibacterial drugs, including the application of vaccines, probiotics, prebiotics, and bacteriocins. Purpose. To investigate alternative methods of treatment and prevention of fish diseases. Materials and methods. In the study, a method of collecting, analyzing, and systematizing of published scientific sources was used. The collection of literary information was carried out using reference databases such as Science Direct, Research Gate, Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine, Wiley Online Library, and others. To search for suitable scientific publications, keywords such as «aquaculture», «diseases», «bacterial fish diseases», «probiotics», «prebiotics», «synbiotics», «bacteriocins», «phytobiotics», and «quorum sensing» were used individually or in various combinations. The search period was limited to scientific works published between 2014 and 2024. Results. As alternative methods, vaccination, quorum sensing inhibition, bacteriophages, as well as probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, and others can be used. The state of the fish microbiome has an important impact on the likelihood of developing of infectious processes. For example, it has been reported that fish with a healthy microbiome more effectively controlled and suppressed the colonization and dissemination of bacteria of the genus Aeromonas than fish with a disrupted microbiota. Currently, probiotic microorganisms are most commonly used as agents that can influence the microflora and correct the microbial balance [36]. Probiotics are most commonly represented with bacteria, including species from cultures Bacillus sp., Lactococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Carnobacterium sp., Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus and Weissella sp. Some strains of yeast and algae may be used too. Probiotics are most commonly represented with a group of lactic acid bacteria, as among all microorganisms with registered probiotic properties, they are considered to have a higher safety profile. They can produce antimicrobial substances and positively influence the immune system of the macroorganism. Probiotics used in aquaculture must undergo a special assessment to determine their potential for application, taking into account the specifics of the industry. The main spectrum of action of probiotic microorganisms in the intestines of aquatic organisms lies in their anti-adhesive effect against pathogenic strains, the production of antimicrobial substances (including bacteriocins and defensins), competition with pathogenic flora, enhancement of the host’s resistance properties, alteration of the intestinal pH level, and activation of the immune system. Conclusion. Thus, despite the intensification of aquaculture and the increased likelihood of infectious diseases in aquaculture species, the worsening issue of antibiotic resistance and the irrational use of antibacterial drugs necessitate the development and implementation of alternative methods for controlling fish diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meskhi B.C., Djedirov D.A., Rudoy D.V., Shevchenko V.N., Golovko L.S., Olshevskaya A.V., Odabashyan M.Y., Prutskov A.S., Teplyakova S.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study of metal foreign matters in starter compound feeds for aquaculture
Background. The article presents results of the investigation of metal foreign matter content in starter compound feeds for aquaculture objects. Metallomagnetic particles can get into compound feeds at different stages of their production, which is dangerous for fish health, especially at the early stages of their development. The relevance of the study is due to the increase in production of valuable fish species in aquaculture and the need to improve the quality of compound feeds. In the course of the analysis the sources of contamination were identified and measures for their elimination were proposed, which contributes to improving the conditions of fish farming and increasing its productivity. The importance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of their practical application for the optimization of technological processes of feed production, which will reduce the content of impurities and improve the quality of products, which, in turn, will contribute to the development of aquaculture and food security. Purpose. The objective of the present study is to investigate methods for providing food safety of starter compound feeds for aquaculture. Materials and methods. In the production of starter compound feeds, we measured the amount of metallomagnetic impurities, according to GOST 31484-2012 (GOST – Russian National Standard). Preliminary grinding in a porcelain mortar to the state of homogeneous mass, 4 control measurements were carried out, the results of which are reflected in the article. Three measurement repetitions were carried out using a horseshoe magnet with a magnetic induction value of 0.12 Tesla. The fourth one was performed with the help of the device “UZ-DIMP” for extraction of metallomagnetic impurities with the value of magnetic induction 0.2 Tesla. The metallomagnetic impurities were collected from the surface of the screen of non-magnetic material placed on top of the magnet. Placing the collected material on paper, we determine the size and measure the mass of impurities on analytical scales. Subtracting the mass of paper, we obtain the value of the mass of metallomagnetic impurities. Results. In the course of the study, measurements of the content of metallomagnetic impurities in starter compound feeds for aquaculture facilities were carried out. The results confirmed the presence of these impurities, indicating the need for stricter quality control at all feed production stages. Metallomagnetic particles, which may enter the feed during its pelleting or grinding, pose a risk to fish health, especially at the stage of their early development, when sensitivity to external factors is at its maximum. The relevance of this study is due to the growing demand for aquaculture products in the context of global food security. In recent years, in Russia and other countries, there has been an active development of fish farming, which requires an increase in feed quality standards. Since compound feed is the main source of nutrients for fish, control of its purity and composition is of strategic importance for the health of aquatic bioresources and increasing their productivity. Conclusion. The importance of the obtained results lies in their practical application. Detection of sources of metallomagnetic impurities in mixed fodders allows to optimize technological processes aimed at reducing feed contamination, and contributes to the development of methods of effective elimination of such impurities. This, in turn, will lead to improved growth and survival rates of fish, reducing the cost of prevention and treatment of diseases caused by the presence of foreign particles in feed. Thus, the results of the study contribute to improving the quality of feed production and strengthening the aquaculture sector, which is particularly important in the face of increasing demand for environmentally friendly products and resources for sustainable fish farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Starostin D.V., Marchenko S.A., Martynuk I.O., Olshevskaya A.V., Odabashyan M.Y., Mangasaryan D.S., Kulikova N.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of diagnostics in improving the objectivity of assessing the technical condition of agricultural machinery
Background. During operation, the condition of the machine is subject to constant changes, occurring unpredictably and depending on a multitude of operating factors that affect the wear and tear of individual machine components to varying degrees, requiring different amounts of repair and maintenance for each piece of equipment. Preliminary diagnosis of the entire system or its individual parts helps to accurately determine the amount of maintenance or repair required. This study analyzes methods for improving the accuracy and reliability of machine technical condition assessment. Also considered are the key factors of technical diagnostics that provide assessment of the current parameters of the object and prediction of the state on the basis of data obtained through direct or indirect measurements. The authors propose a method of evaluating the efficiency of diagnostic procedures taking into account various combinations of influencing factors. The influence of the marginal cost of diagnostics on the total specific repair costs is shown. Purpose. The purpose of the research is to study the role of diagnostics in the issues of improving the objectivity of the assessment of the technical condition of machines Materials and methods. Availability of information on specific values of controlled parameters allows to control the threat of disturbance of normal operation of machines. Assessment of the state of machinery is carried out by comparing the actual values of parameters with the specified norms. Detailed control requires methods of monitoring the monitored parameters, including the collection of additional data on how these parameters change over time. Modern technical devices are equipped with a continuous condition monitoring function, which makes it possible to continuously monitor the operation of machines and equipment. Early fault detection includes a set of measures to identify emerging defects, determine their root causes, and carefully analyze the nature and degree of development of these problems. Technical diagnostics consists in assessment and forecasting of the object state based on the results of direct or indirect measurements of state parameters or diagnostic parameters. Results. The results of this study show that diagnostics allows management at two levels: technical state and technological process. At the first level, diagnostics is directly related to maintenance (TO), while at the second level it is more related to the organization of technological processes. Conclusion. Application of modern methods, tools and approaches to diagnostics in the system of maintenance and repair will increase its efficiency due to more complete utilization of operational characteristics of each individual object.
Copyright (c) 2025 Popov S.I., Dontsov N.S., Rudoy D.V., Olshevskaya A.V., Teplyakova S.V., Prutskov A.S., Marchenko J.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cleaning method of working volumes of hydraulic cylinders of agricultural machines without preliminary dismantling
Background. More and more often lifting equipment is equipped with a hydraulic drive, which allows to develop the highest tractive force. However, this type of drive is prone to a reduction in the speed of the mechanism due to possible clogging of the working fluid. The performance of the hydraulic system directly depends on the cleanliness of the working fluid, which is operated in the equipment or machine. Dirt, the presence of air, as well as the presence of metal particles formed as a result of rubbing parts, all this negatively affects the service life and reliability of the hydraulic system. The paper describes a bench method of cleaning the working volume of the hydraulic cylinder without preliminary dismantling. The principal hydraulic scheme with a detailed description of the washing system operation is offered. The possibility of dispersing the flushing fluid flow by air bubbles is described. Purpose. The purpose of the research is a method of cleaning the working volumes of hydraulic cylinders of agricultural machines without preliminary dismantling Materials and methods. In most cases, the hydraulic system is flushed with the help of special stands. The flushing stand itself is a rather complex system of interaction of hydraulic units The design feature of the developed unit is the pressurized supply of a gas-liquid mixture. It consists of air bubbles and washing liquid. For the formation of air bubbles in the liquid a cavitator is installed. The flushing liquid is fed to the cavitator due to the pressure generated on the surface of the flushing liquid by the compressor. In parallel from the compressor there is a branch with air to the cavitator. As a result, from the cavitator the gas-liquid mixture enters one of the cavities of the double-acting hydraulic cylinder. After the piston takes the opposite extreme position, the hydraulic valve is switched, and the gas-liquid mixture enters the next cavity. The process is then repeated. After the cavity has been cleaned, the contaminants are removed by draining with the spent flushing fluid. Results. Flushing unit with the use of air bubbles significantly increases the viscosity of the flushing fluid, and this reduces the rate of settling only flushed contaminants in the cavity of the product, which improves the removal of contaminants through the spigots. In particular, for the mentioned parameters of the cylinder gas bubbles should be the size of 5 mm, the speed of surfacing of which is 12.3 mm/s, which justifies the need to fill/empty the cavity of the hydraulic cylinder within 10 seconds, at the same time for flushing the hydraulic system create a flow of fluid with a Reynolds number of at least 4000, and the nominal pressure in the hydraulic cylinder is 18 MPa. Conclusion. The developed basic hydraulic scheme and the proposed design of the flushing stand provide high efficiency of the cleaning process. In addition, the calculations and experiments confirm the correctness of the selected parameters and schemes, which makes this method promising for wide application in industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Popov S.I., Dontsov N.S., Marchenko J.V., Rudoy D.V., Olshevskaya A.V., Prutskov A.S., Teplyakova S.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Justification of the vibration plate installation type of the hopper of fertilizer applying machine
Background. The main units of an agricultural machines for subsoil fertilizer application are the hopper and metering unit, which provides uniform fertilizer supply to all sowing working bodies. As a result of the main research, a hopper and metering device with a vibratory plate operating in forced oscillation mode was proposed, and in this paper installation types of vibratory plate on a chamber have been theatrically investigated. The main goal of the study is to define more effective type of installation. The vibratory plate was modeled as a flexible rod with two fixed ends and one degree of freedom, then the vibration amplitudes and frequencies for 4 types of mounting were investigated. According to theoretical studies, a rational model for fixing the vibrating plate is a fixed rod with two ends fixed pivotally. Purpose. The aim of the present study is to perform the justification of the vibration plate installation type of the hopper of the fertilizer applying machine. Materials and methods. Figure 1 presents the scheme and experimental example of the proposed hopper. To simulate the fastening scheme of the AB plate ends, 4 ways of fixing are proposed in Figure 3. As a result, we calculate the frequency for each circuit, compare them with real frequencies and select one of the four ways of fixing. During the research, it has been calculated the frequency for each circuit, compare them with real frequencies and select one of the four ways of fixing. To solve the problem described above, in the first approximation, the oscillation of the AB plate is modeled as the oscillation of an elastic system with one degree of freedom presented in Figure 4. The unknown parameters are determined by boundary conditions. Results. The effective installation type of the vibratory plate has determined by modeling it as a flexible plate with two ends fixed with one degree of freedom. Vibration amplitudes and frequencies for the 4 ways of fixing the plate as vibrations of an elastic system were determined. By modeling a fixed vibrating plate with two ends that is a one-dimensional continuous system, amplitude problems and frequency equations of specific and involuntary vibrations of the plate were obtained. According to results it concluded that the rational model of a vibrating plate is a fixed plate with two ends hinged. The specific frequency of the plate was approximately the same as the results of the calculation of the body model identified earlier. Conclusion. The studied data is required for further analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM). According to the general search, it should be noted that the seeding device with the proposed compensating chamber provides 4.37–6.63% seeding unevenness and 5–5.8% seeding instability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nukeshev S.O., Tanbaev K.K., Moldazhanov A.K., Kabdulina A.T. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Optimization of the structure of the agricultural machinery repair cycle is correct
Background. This article provides a justification for the structure of the repair cycle of agricultural machinery. It is considered how this technique with disparate service life of parts has a very low repair adaptability and does not meet the basic requirements of scientific planning of current and major repairs. The drawings presented in the work illustrate a scheme for maintaining the permissible gap in the joint by carrying out periodic repairs, a scheme for wearing parts with different wear rates and different service lives, a scheme for creating a rational structure of the repair cycle of machines, etc. This article is prepared for specialists of the agro-industrial complex, researchers, teachers, postgraduates, undergraduates and students of agricultural universities in the field of training “Agroengineering”. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to optimize the structure of the repair cycle of agricultural machinery Materials and methods. To substantiate the structure of the repair cycle, this article uses a detailed analysis of the wear patterns of machine parts and their service life. Results. One of the most important directions for improving the planning of scientific, technical and production activities of agricultural enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory is to strengthen a systematic, integrated approach to the technical service of agricultural machinery. Another direction is related to the need to significantly improve the technical level and quality of agricultural machinery while simultaneously increasing its output and reducing production costs. In order to determine specific measures to improve the effectiveness of scientific research and development (R&D) in agricultural engineering, it is necessary to thoroughly and in detail analyze the existing state of work on the creation of new equipment, trends and prospects for the development of technologies and the material and technical base of agricultural production. When analyzing the directions of development of agricultural machinery, first of all, there is a steady growth trend in the unit capacity of tractors, working machines and vehicles intended for agriculture. This direction has so far been associated with the solution of one of the main tasks of the development of agricultural production - optimization of the structure of the repair cycle of machines. Conclusion. Thus, it can be concluded that using the expressions obtained, it is possible to optimize the repair cycle of a tractor, combine harvester, car, or other agricultural machine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shapiro E.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of the growth rate of juvenile Australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868)
Background. The study is devoted to the study of the main fish-breeding and biological characteristics (growth rates, survival, etc.) of juvenile Australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) when kept in different temperature conditions. In the experiment, two temperature zones were compared: 22 °C (suboptimal conditions for commercial cultivation) and 26 °C (optimal conditions). The results showed that at a temperature of 22 °C, there was a higher increase in weight (18.03%) and length (4.19%) compared to suboptimal conditions (5.99% and 4.92%, respectively). The Fulton fatness ratio decreased in both groups. The data obtained is important for commercial aquaculture for the correct development of cultivation biotechnologies. Purpose. The aim of the work was to study the main fish-breeding, biological and physiological parameters of juvenile C. quadricarinatus when they are kept in different temperature conditions. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 73-day-old C. quadricarinatus individuals (n=40), divided into 2 groups of 20 specimens each. in each. Group No. 1 was kept at a temperature of 22-23°C, group No. 2 – at 26-27°C. The specimens were placed in polypropylene containers with overall dimensions of 74x57x41 cm. Each tank had an individual recycled water filtration system. To reduce cannibalism, PVC pipe shelters were placed in the tank. The duration of the experiment was 28 days. The main water parameters were monitored daily using specialized equipment and sets of test systems. Feeding was carried out twice a day: frozen chironomid larvae (50%) and young bean fruits (50%) in the amount of 6% of the biomass. The body weight and length of each individual were measured every 7 days of the experiment. Based on the data obtained, the main fish-breeding and biological indicators (Fulton fatness coefficient, specific growth rate, survival rate) were calculated. Amino acid analysis was performed by capillary electrophoresis after acid/alkaline hydrolysis of muscle tissue. To minimize errors, averaged samples from individuals of different sizes were used. Results. During the study, the hydrochemical regime corresponded to the optimal values for the content of C. quadricarinatus. The absence of toxic nitrogen compounds, as well as copper ions, made it possible to create the necessary conditions for the experiment. In group No. 1, the water temperature averaged 22.26 °C, and in group No. 2 – 26.96 °C. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (O2) during the experiment averaged 7.52 mg/l and 7.87 mg/l, respectively. As a result of the research, it was found that in group No. 1, the body weight of juveniles increased by 5.99%, length – by 4.92%, while the Fulton fatness coefficient decreased by 8.18%. In group No. 2, weight gain was more pronounced (18.03%), with a moderate increase in length (4.19%) and a smaller decrease in fatness ratio (4.1%). The analysis of the amino acid composition of muscle tissue revealed significant differences between the studied groups. The concentration of arginine in the muscles of juvenile crayfish from group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2. The total concentrations of glutamic acid and glutamine were also higher under suboptimal conditions. These changes most likely indicate metabolic adaptation to stressful conditions, especially at temperatures close to the lower optimal limit of the species. Thus, during the experiment, it was found that the water temperature of 26-27 °C contributes to higher growth rates and survival of juveniles, while 22-23 ° C causes changes in the physiological status of C. quadricarinatus. Conclusion. The study revealed differences in the fish-biological and physiological parameters of C. quadricarinatus juveniles kept in different temperature conditions. At an average temperature of 26.96°C, the maximum increase in weight (18.03%) and body length (4.19%) was observed, while at 22.26°C these indicators were significantly lower (5.99% and 4.92%, respectively). Although the survival rate remained high (95-100%) in both cases, a decrease in the fatness coefficient by 8.18% at a lower temperature indicates the stress effect of this factor on the aquatic organisms. Amino acid analysis showed an increased content of arginine (5.315%) and glutamic acid (4.221%) in individuals kept at a temperature of 22-23 ° C, which indicates the activation of compensatory metabolic mechanisms. These data probably indicate the high possible adaptability of the species in question to changing environmental conditions. The results obtained are of great practical importance for the further development of crustacean aquaculture (astaculture) in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kovalchuk D.Y., Olshevskaya A.V., Shevchenko V.N., Sarkisyan D.S., Cholutaeva E.E., Teplyakova S.V., Odabashyan M.Y., Dmitrienko T.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prospects for the development of wine tourism as a key direction of agrotourism in the Rostov region
Background. The article analyzes the prospects for the development of wine tourism in the Rostov region as a key area of agritourism. The authors consider wine tourism as a dynamically developing sector that combines cultural, gastronomic and natural aspects, which can become an important element of the region’s economy. The Rostov region, with its favorable climatic conditions and rich history of viticulture, has significant potential for the development of this area. The article analyzes the current state and prospects for the development of wine tourism, and offers recommendations for its successful implementation. Particular attention is paid to the integration of wine tourism with other types of tourism, such as cultural, ecological and rural tourism. The authors emphasize the need for infrastructure development, active promotion of the region in tourist markets and state support for the successful development of wine tourism. The article also discusses the Don Valley cluster, which combines the natural, cultural and infrastructural resources of the region, making it a promising area for tourism development. Specific activities such as wine festivals, master classes and educational programs are proposed that can help promote the region as a wine-making center. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyse the prospects for the development of wine tourism in the Rostov region as one of the key areas of agritourism. The authors consider wine tourism as a dynamically developing industry combining cultural, gastronomic and natural aspects, which can become an important element of the region’s economy. Materials and methods. Currently, such a direction as agrotourism is becoming increasingly popular, an important component of which is wine tourism, which contributes to the development and promotion of products of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. In this regard, there is a tendency to organize narrowly focused wine tourist routes, including visits to vineyards and tastings of the products produced there. Agricultural tourism has several directions in determining its meaning. Thus, N. A. Mironova, 2020 and M. V. Muravyeva, 2016 consider the legal aspects of the Russian Federation in relation to agricultural tourism, which reveal the type of tourism under study as an activity that is directly aimed at improving social conditions, increasing the economic efficiency of a particular rural area and creating a competitive environment in the tourism market through the participation of tourists in agricultural processes. They emphasize that agritourism allows tourists not only to relax in the natural environment, but also to take part in agricultural work, which makes it attractive for those who seek an authentic experience. Results. The development of wine tourism in the Rostov region demonstrates significant potential, but requires a systematic approach and consideration of current trends. The analysis conducted allowed us to identify key aspects that can contribute to the successful implementation of this direction. Rostov Region has unique natural conditions for viticulture. The region’s climate, which combines moderate continentality and a sufficient number of sunny days, creates favorable conditions for growing industrial grape varieties. According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, in 2022, the area of vineyards in the region amounted to 1,850 hectares, which is 15% more than in 2020. This indicates a growing interest in winemaking in the region. The infrastructure of wine-making enterprises is actively developing in the region. Today, there are more than 20 wineries in the region, including large enterprises such as Tsimlyanskie Viny and Elbuzd. These enterprises not only produce wine, but also offer excursions, tastings and master classes, which forms the basis for wine tourism. Another important aspect is the growing interest in domestic tourism in Russia. Currently, there is a reorientation towards domestic tourism. This creates favorable conditions for the development of wine tourism in the Rostov region, which can offer unique tourist products. Conclusion. The conducted research allows us to draw a number of conclusions. Rostov Region has favorable natural conditions for viticulture and a rich history of winemaking, which creates a solid foundation for the development of wine tourism. There are already more than 20 wineries in the region offering excursions, tastings and master classes, which forms the basis for further development of this area. The Don Valley cluster has significant potential for tourism development. The combination of natural, cultural and infrastructure resources makes the cluster a promising direction for tourism development in the Rostov Region. Its unique natural conditions, rich cultural and historical heritage and developed transport network create favorable conditions for attracting tourists.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kazmina L.N., Provotorina V.V., Makarenko V.S., Miroshnichenko A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of fish-breeding parameters of yearlings of the F1 hybrid Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 × Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 with short-term introduction of probiotics of different action spectrum into the diet
Background. Under the conditions of the global shortage of accessible animal proteins, the task to develop the effective strategy aimed at the minimizing negative consequences of the production intensification and optimization of economic indicators in aquaculture becomes urgent. One of the most promising directions in this regard is the use of probiotic additives demonstrating substantial potential for increasing productivity in the farming of aquatic organisms. Purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fish farming parameters of fingerlings of the F1 hybrid Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 with short-term administration of probiotics of enzymatic and antimicrobial spectrum of action into the diet. Materials and methods. The research work was carried out in the conditions of an integrated fish farming enterprise in the Volgograd region. The material was 900 specimen of fingerlings F1 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 (RoLo) at the age of 53 days, which were divided into 3 groups (control, experiment No. 1, experiment No. 2). Fish’ diet consisted of feed with a crude protein content of 56.0±1.5%. The experimental groups of fish additionally received probiotic supplements as part of their diet: experiment No. 1 – a multi-strain probiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum of action (strains Bacillus velezensis MT55, B. velezensis МТ155), experiment No. 2 – a multi-strain probiotic with an enzymatic spectrum of action (strains B. velezensis MT14, B. velezensis MT42). The compound feeds of both experimental groups contained 0.1% probiotic powder. The experiment was carried out for 10 days. To assess the fish farming criteria, morphometric characteristics of fish were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The significance of the differences in the obtained values was determined using the ANOVA test. The differences between the groups were considered significant at p <0.05. Results. During 10 days of observations, a positive effect of an enzymatic probiotic (bacterial strains B. velezensis MT14, B. velezensis MT42) on the growth rate of the F1 hybrid Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 was established: the average individual weight of individuals receiving an enzymatic probiotic in the diet was 36.89% higher compared with the control group (p>0.05). The increase in total biomass in this group was 56.95% higher than in the control group. The values of the specific growth rate in this group of fish were also higher compared to the control and experimental group No. 1. Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the prospects of using probiotics, especially the enzymatic spectrum of action, to intensify sturgeon aquaculture, improve their growth and reduce feed costs. The study highlights the importance of further developments in the field of specialized probiotic supplements to improve the efficiency of fish farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudoy D.V., Korchunov A.A., Olshevskaya A.V., Shevchenko V.N., Startsev A.V., Maltseva T.A., Mazanko M.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Substrates for the isolation of bacteriocins: review
Background. Due to the increasing demand for fish products, the stock of wild fish is continuously being depleted. This leads to a high level of aquaculture development in the world. The high content of microorganisms in the water, including pathogenic ones, can negatively affect its quality and safety. Salmonella is a particular danger to aquaculture facilities. Hydrobionts can be carriers of this bacterium, which, when ingested, causes acute intestinal infection. This is especially important when eating raw products such as mussels, mollusks, and fresh fish. Currently, antibiotics are used to combat pathogenic microorganisms, the negative effects of which have been proven all over the world. In this regard, there is an urgent need to find effective solutions aimed at combating the negative impact of pathogenic microorganisms on aquaculture facilities. The use of bacteriocins, which cause the suppression of growth and death of pathogenic microorganisms, is considered promising. The effectiveness of probiotic drugs and bacteriocins can be improved by using beneficial bacterial strains present in the natural habitat of animals. This approach will make it possible to create specialized lines of probiotic drugs of different spectrum of action (antioxidant, antimutagenic, enzymatic, and others) that will promote the development of animal husbandry and minimize the use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases. To create an effective feed additive based on bacteriocins in the fight against salmonella, it is necessary to select optimal conditions for the cultivation of new producing strains for maximum bacteriocin yield. Purpose. Review and identification of potential culture media for growing bacterial strains present in the natural habitat of animals producing targeted bacteriocins. Materials and methods. In the course of the study, a comparative analytical method was applied. The information base is based on the analysis of data presented in open scientific publications. Literary sources were searched in abstract and information databases, including eLibrary, the Russian State Library, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, National MedLine, the Wiley online Library and others. The following key terms were used as search queries: “Salmonella”, “bacteriocin”, “subiectum”, “bacterial iactatio”, “probiotic”, “prebiotic”, “salmonellosis” – both individually and in various combinations. No time limits were set for the search in order to cover the most representative array of publications. Results. Yeast extract, peptone and glucose are universal additives in nutrient media for the isolation of bacteriocins. These components are found in almost all of the above-mentioned nutrient media, which indicates their likely high efficiency as sources of carbon and nitrogen. The use of molasses, soybean meal, wheat bran, and an enzymatic solution from lignocellulose waste proved to be worthy substrates not only in terms of the productivity of the bacteriocins themselves, but also in terms of the economic efficiency of the substrates. Wheat bran, lignocellulose waste, soybean meal, molasses are secondary raw materials. The use of secondary products and products of plant origin having prebiotic properties (for instance, a grain pile of wheat in the early stages of ripeness) as substrates for the isolation of bacteriocins is effective and is aimed at resource conservation. Conclusion. The use of new bacterial strains isolated from natural habitats in order to produce bacteriocins in aquaculture will contribute to the development of animal husbandry and minimize the use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dmitrienko T.S., Maltseva T.A., Shevchenko V.N., Kosolapova E.N., Starostin D.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0