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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Computational nanotechnology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Computational nanotechnology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Computational nanotechnology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-223X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9693</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">YUR-VAK</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">380198</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33693/2313-223X-2025-12-4-178-186</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GNHCQH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATICS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАТИКА И ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Decomposition of complex systems represented by Petri nets</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Декомпозиция сложных систем, выраженных в терминах сетей Петри</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59210050300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1558-1128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muraviev</surname><given-names>Nikolay D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муравьев</surname><given-names>Николай Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>muravev.nd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56912007700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2438-4900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagin</surname><given-names>Vladimir P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагин</surname><given-names>Владимир Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Eng.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор технических наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vpkulagin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics (MTUCI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский технический университет связи и информатики (МТУСИ)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Computational nanotechnology</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Computational nanotechnology</issue-title><fpage>178</fpage><lpage>186</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Yur-VAK</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Юр-ВАК</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yur-VAK</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юр-ВАК</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://www.urvak.ru/contacts/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2313-223X/article/view/380198">https://journals.rcsi.science/2313-223X/article/view/380198</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper addresses the problem of decomposition of complex systems represented as Petri nets, with the aim of optimizing the synthesis procedure for new parallel systems. An improved approach is proposed, combining Johnson’s algorithm with the depth-first search method. Johnson’s algorithm is applied for the efficient detection of elementary cycles, which makes it possible to overcome the limitations of the traditional matrix-based method, characterized by high computational and spatial complexity, as well as the inability to guarantee the extraction of elementary cycles of a given length. An adapted depth-first search algorithm is used to identify linear fragments of acyclic Petri nets. An analytical and experimental comparison of the proposed algorithms with well-known counterparts has been carried out on both complete and sparse Petri nets. The experimental data indicates a significant advantage of Johnson’s algorithm when applied to sparse Petri net structures, manifested in increased execution speed and completeness in detecting elementary cycles. The proposed approach demonstrates a substantial reduction in time costs at the decomposition stage and contributes to the creation of conditions (a knowledge base) that restrict the set of synthesized structures and simplify subsequent stages of parallel system design. The obtained results confirm the practical efficiency and applicability of the proposed Petri net decomposition methods in the synthesis of complex system structures.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена проблеме декомпозиции сложных систем, представленных в виде сетей Петри, с целью оптимизации процедуры синтеза новых параллельных систем. Предлагается улучшенный подход, объединяющий алгоритм Джонсона и метод поиска в глубину. Алгоритм Джонсона применяется для эффективного поиска элементарных циклов, что позволяет преодолеть ограничения традиционного матричного метода, характеризующегося высокой вычислительной и пространственной сложностью, а также невозможностью гарантировать выделение элементарных циклов заданной длины. Для нахождения линейных фрагментов ацикличных сетей Петри используется адаптированный алгоритм поиска в глубину. Проведено аналитическое и экспериментальное сравнение предложенных алгоритмов с известными аналогами на полных и разряженных сетях Петри. Экспериментальные данные показывают значительное преимущество алгоритма Джонсона при работе с разряженными структурами сетей Петри, выражающееся в увеличении скорости выполнения и в полноте обнаружения элементарных циклов. Предлагаемый подход демонстрирует существенное сокращение временных затрат на этапе декомпозиции и способствует созданию условий (базы знаний), ограничивающих множество синтезируемых структур и упрощающих последующие этапы проектирования параллельных систем. Полученные результаты подтверждают практическую эффективность и применимость предложенных методов декомпозиции сетей Петри в задачах синтеза структур сложных систем.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Petri net</kwd><kwd>synthesis of computational structures</kwd><kwd>decomposition</kwd><kwd>Johnson’s algorithm</kwd><kwd>Tarjan’s algorithm</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сеть Петри</kwd><kwd>синтез вычислительных структур</kwd><kwd>декомпозиция</kwd><kwd>алгоритм Джонсона</kwd><kwd>алгоритм Тарьяна</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christofides N. Graph theory. An algorithmic approach. 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