Bulletin of the Research Institute of the Humanities by the Government of the Republic of Mordovia
ISSN (print): 2077-3579 Founder: Research Institute of the Humanities by the Government of the Republic of Mordovia Editor-in-Chief: Galina A. Kursheva, Dr. Sc. (History), professor Frequency / Access: 4 issues per year / Open Included in: Higher Attestation Commission List, RISC
Comparative characteristics of the innovative development of the regions of the Volga Federal District
Introduction. In order to achieve Russiaʼs national development goal in the field of technological development, it is necessary to intensify innovation activities. The scientific and technological potential of Russian regions varies greatly. In order to ensure Russiaʼs technological leadership on the world stage, it is necessary to increase the innovation activity of economic entities and improve regional socio-economic and innovation policies. The purpose of this study is to identify achievements and weaknesses in the formation and use of the innovation potential of the regions of the Volga Federal District and propose measures to eliminate them. Materials and methods. The study is based on an analysis of the results of a ranked assessment of various components of the innovative development of Russian regions, carried out by experts from the Higher School of Economics. Information from open authoritative sources was used to substantiate the conclusions and proposals. The work uses a systematic approach, methods of content analysis, comparison and generalization, logical techniques. Results and discussion. All subjects of the Volga Federal District in the federal ranking for innovative development, with the exception of the Kirov Region, are in the first half of the ranked list, although not all subjects have developed scientific and technical potential. The Volga Federal District is home to 2 of the countryʼs 8 scientific and educational centers with world-class facilities (Kazan and Saratov). The Volga Federal District is also home to major industrial centers. But there are also regions where the existing scientific and technical potential is not being used effectively enough (the Republic of Mari El, the Kirov, Samara and Ulyanovsk Regions). Additional efforts to improve the socio-economic conditions of innovation activity should be undertaken by the leadership of the Kirov Region, the Republic of Mordovia and the Orenburg Region. The need to improve innovation policy remains in the Kirov Region and the Republic of Mari El. Conclusion. The Volga Regions can act as a locomotive in the process of innovative transformation of the Russian economy, and this places increased demands on the quality of regional innovation policy. The participation of subjects in specialized federal programs, the improvement of regional innovation policy, the training of personnel and the consolidation of IT specialists, and the development of interregional cooperation in this field can contribute to strengthening the innovation potential of regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bulletin of the Research Institute of the Humanities by the Government of the Republic of Mordovia
Strengthening the influence of geopolitical factors on the competitiveness of Russian enterprises
Introduction. In 2022, the conditions of economic activity in Russia have changed dramatically. Large export-oriented enterprises found themselves in a difficult situation. Small businesses, on the contrary, have strengthened their positions in the market. We trace the influence of geopolitical factors on the functioning of Russian enterprises, identify the main ways to strengthen competitiveness in the face of prolonged economic sanctions. Materials and methods. The study was based on the analysis of scientific papers that reveal the foundations of the formation of competitiveness of enterprises. Traditional methods of scientific knowledge were used — analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, establishment of cause-effect relationships, generalization, etc. Results and discussion. The factors of competitiveness of Russian enterprises in modern conditions are determined by the influence of geopolitical tectonic shifts caused by the emergence of a multipolar world. This has significantly changed the economic conditions in Russia. Enterprises that had significant competitive advantages due to their active foreign economic activity found themselves in a vulnerable position. With the increased pressure on Russia from unfriendly countries, inflationary risks have increased, which forces the financial regulator to keep the key rate at a high level. In order to cover the deficit of the state budget of the Russian Federation, it was decided to raise the rates of certain types of taxes on business and income of citizens. In such conditions, the investment activity of entrepreneurs may decrease. Changes in the labor market are also largely related to the international situation, the need to increase the size of the country's armed forces and production volumes at enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Conclusion. The main factor in strengthening the position of enterprises in the market is participation in import substitution programs, which will allow them to receive government support, modernize the technical base of production, and have guaranteed sales of products. Technical modernization will lead to a reduction in the need for live labor and ensure productivity growth. The solution to the shortage of employees is facilitated by the active cooperation of enterprises with educational organizations and the attraction of foreign labor.
Comparative characteristics of tourism development in the regions of the Volga Federal District
Introduction. The President of Russia has set the task to increase the number of tourist trips to 140 million per year, making them accessible to the majority of Russians, and therefore the topic of tourism development in the regions is relevant. Materials and methods. In the study, we relied on regulatory legal acts related to the development of tourism in Russia and previously published scientific papers. The analysis of government statistics and reputable Internet resources is carried out. Along with the traditionally used methods of economic and statistical analysis, the ranking method was used. To enable comparison, relative indicators were calculated: to quantify the tourist attractiveness of the region — “The number of guests of the region who used the services of hotels and other collective accommodation facilities”, correlated with the population of the region; to assess the organized segment of outbound tourism — “The proportion of the population of the region who used the services of regional travel agencies in organizing trips”. Results and discussion. The subjects of the Volga Federal District are not particularly popular among tourists yet. The exception is the Republic of Tatarstan. In 2010 — 2022, the tourist attractiveness of all Volga regions, with the exception of the Orenburg region, increased. However, in most of them, the main indicators of tourism development remain below the national average. In a number of Volga regions, contrary to the all-Russian trend, travel agencies significantly improved their performance in 2019 — 2022. The tourist activity of the population of the Samara Region, Perm Krai and the Republic of Bashkortostan has increased dramatically. The republics of Tatarstan and Mordovia experienced the largest reduction in tourist traffic. Conclusion. In order to achieve the goals set by Russian President Vladimir Putin for the development of tourism, the leadership of the subjects of the Volga Federal District should pay serious attention to this industry. While most of the Volga regions are noticeably lagging behind other Russian regions in terms of attractiveness to tourists, all Volga regions have significant potential.
Regional analysis of the production volumes of certain types of livestock products in the Volga Federal District
Introduction. Animal husbandry is one of the key branches of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy. Comprehensive statistical studies of the livestock industry serve as the basis for reliable and comprehensive characterization of its condition and disclosure of patterns of development. Materials and methods. The study is based on statistical materials on the state and development of the livestock industry in the Volga Federal District from 2018 to 2022. Using the aggregation method, an integral estimate of the production volumes of certain types of livestock products in the Volga Federal District was obtained. Results and discussion. The production of certain types of livestock products in the Volga Federal District has been comprehensively analyzed using a system of analytical assessments. It was found that in 2022, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Penza Region and the Republic of Mordovia demonstrated the largest production volumes of livestock and poultry for slaughter. During the study period, most regions of the Volga Federal District increased their meat production rates, with the Republic of Tatarstan leading the way. In 2022, the Republic of Mordovia, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Perm Region occupied leading positions in egg production. Only in the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Republic of Tatarstan does the integral indicator exceed one, i.e. these regions are significantly ahead of the regional average in the production of certain types of livestock products. The value of the integral estimate of the volume of production of certain types of livestock products in the Republic of Mordovia practically corresponds to the average level in the district, for the rest of the regions this value is less than one. Conclusion. As a result of the study, trends in the development of the livestock industry in the Volga Federal District from 2018 to 2022 were identified. Based on the aggregation method, an integral estimate of the production volumes of certain categories of livestock products was obtained, which makes it possible to identify problems related to the lag of individual regions behind the average level of livestock production in the Volga Federal District.
The impact of investment funds on the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia
Introduction. Investment processes in the agro-industrial complex are one of the structural components in the transition to a sustainable type of economic development. They are associated with a number of risks, the realization of which can damage both an individual entity and the entire sphere. The identification and implementation of measures to neutralize investment risks require an immediate response and support for agricultural producers to ensure their stable functioning. The purpose of the research is to study the impact of investment processes on the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia and propose measures to neutralize potential investment risks. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia, the material was data from Rosstat, the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Mordovia, official publications of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Entrepreneurship of the Republic of Mordovia, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Mordovia, the Development Corporation of the Republic of Mordovia. Using the methods of induction, deduction, analytical and comparative analysis, and the methodology of “zone theory”, the issues of the impact of investment processes on the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia have been studied. Results and discussion. The analysis of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia made it possible to describe the organizational and economic foundations for the formation of a mechanism for activating investment processes in the agricultural sector, identify investment risks — the regionʼs over-creditworthiness, commercial, obsolescence of technological resources, scientific and technical backwardness of the region, underinvestment — and measures to neutralize them. Diagnostics of the state of investment processes in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia showed an insufficient amount of investment funds from both the state and private investors. Conclusion. The agro-industrial complex is one of the most important structural elements of the economy of the Republic of Mordovia, the development of which depends on the investment of investment funds in it. Government investments aimed at implementing investment processes in the agro-industrial complex make it possible to ensure sustainable economic development of the agricultural sector in the region.
Daily life of the clergy in the XIX century according to the testimony of the clergy of the Saransk District of the Penza Province
Introduction. The article examines some aspects of the daily life of the clergy of the Saransk District of the Penza Province. The study of their everyday life allows us to shed light on a wide range of issues concerning not only representatives of the clergy, but also the life of the Russian province as a whole. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis is used as the theoretical and methodological basis of the study, which, in conjunction with a systematic, comparative historical approach, contributes to the study of the problem under consideration. Results and discussion. In historical literature, the daily life of members of the clergy is studied in fragments. The study revealed that during the post-Reform period, archpriests and priests actively participated in the work of the Penza Church Historical, Archaeological and Statistical Committee, making a significant contribution to the study of the history of the region. They created historical and statistical descriptions of parishes, which today are a valuable historical source covering various aspects of the life of parishioners of the XIX and early XX centuries and containing a detailed depiction of the daily life of the church clergy with its advantages and disadvantages. Conclusion. In the first half of the XIX century, the economic situation of the rural clergy was characterized by significant dependence on peasant communities, which were the main source of income. This dependence began to weaken from the middle of the century, thanks to the introduction of a system of state salaries for clergymen. In addition to economic factors, the level of education and culture of the clergy had a significant impact on the daily life and social status of the clergy.
Ensuring state and public security by local authorities in the North-Western Region (1870 — 1880s)
Introduction. The article examines the activities of local authorities of the North-Western Region of the Russian Empire in solving problems in the field of state and public security in the region from 1870 to 1890. The article analyzes the specifics of the organization of government policy, taking into account local socio-political, economic conditions and the confessional factor, as well as the personal contribution of the governors-general who led the region during this period. The main directions of the policy are marked and its results are shown. Materials and methods. The sources of the research were documents from the collections of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library, legislative acts of the Russian Empire, research by pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historians on this issue, as well as memoirs of witnesses of the events. The paper uses retrospective, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, as well as general scientific research methods. Results and discussion. Despite the analysis of certain aspects of government policy pursued in the western provinces of the Russian Empire, the issues of ensuring state and public security were not considered separately during this period. This study deepens the information available in Russian historiography on the issue under study. Conclusion. The activities of local authorities in the western suburbs of the Russian Empire to ensure state and public security were predominantly social and confessional in orientation, were unstable and depended on the changing course of state policy and the political conjuncture of that time. The policy of Russification, bureaucratization and unification, accompanied by administrative and police measures, did not contribute to the final stabilization of public order and internal security in the region.
Yakov and Nikolai Galakhov: state confessional politics of the 1920 — 1930s in the refraction of personality
Introduction. The article examines the policy of the Soviet governing bodies in relation to dissidents. The focus is on the events of the 1920s and early 1930s. The history of state-church relations is analyzed through a biographical prism. As a result of the research, the list of victims of the faith has been supplemented with two more names. Materials and methods. The materials of archival documents and periodicals became the basis of the articleʼs source base. In the course of the work, historical-systemic, problematic-chronological and historical-biographical methods were used. Results and discussion. In 1921 — 1922, famine struck the RSFSR. Under the pretext of providing assistance to victims of the disaster, a campaign was organized to seize church valuables. The main paradox of the process: Believers were allowed to replace religious objects with an equivalent amount of gold or silver, but not with bread or other types of food. The reaction of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church and believers to the forcible seizure of religious objects, naturally, turned out to be negative. Conclusion. Resistance to the seizure of liturgical utensils by government authorities was used to organize another wave of repression against dissidents. The trials ended with significant prison sentences or capital punishment (execution). An analysis of the protest actions of the Halakhov father and son, who lived in different parts of the country, but reacted equally to the next expropriation of religious property, indicates the typical actions of believers in the context of an escalating confrontation between the state and the Church.
On the issue of the evacuation of the population to the territory of the Penza Region during the Great Patriotic War
Introduction. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for further reflection on the experience of the institutions of public administration of the USSR at the regional and local levels of the most important task that arose at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War — the evacuation of the population from the frontline areas to the rear of the country. At the same time, the analysis of regional and national historiography shows that this issue has not been sufficiently studied. An important aspect of the study is the analysis of practices, mechanisms and consequences of the evacuation of the population during the Great Patriotic War to the territory of the Penza region. Materials and methods. The source base is based on documentary materials from federal and regional archival institutions. The research methodology is based on the principles of science, objectivity and historicism, as well as consistency in the consideration of events and phenomena. The methods of logical analysis and historical-genetic analysis were used in the work. Results and discussion. The study analyzed the mechanisms for developing preparatory measures, organizing reception, accounting and material support for citizens evacuated to the Penza region, identified the main directions and statistical indicators of the Penza evacuation center, identified the specifics of the placement and employment of individual groups of the evacuated population. Many of the above issues have not been previously reflected in modern literature. We have attempted to supplement the available documentary materials on this issue with new groups of sources. Conclusions. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, an interdepartmental system of interaction was formed in the Penza Region, coordinating the actions of government authorities to accommodate evacuated compatriots. The key element of this system was the Penza Evacuation Center, which assumed the functions of an emergency care center for internally displaced persons and implemented a wide range of issues related to the life support of evacuees. The establishment of an evacuation center in Penza was an important incentive to increase coherence and efficiency in the activities of government institutions. However, the authority of this institution did not extend to other settlements of the Penza region and did not allow solving the problems of citizens evacuated to the regional periphery.
Branch research institutes during the Great Patriotic War: applied developments for the front and rear
Introduction. Today, there are publications in which researchers focus on the history of individual industry institutes and their work in the rear regions. Using the example of research organizations, the mechanism of transferring new technologies directly to aviation and machine-building plants is demonstrated. Some of this work is related to a more rational use of resources, saving scarce materials in the defense industry. Nevertheless, the activities of a network of scientific research organizations across the country in this aspect need an integrated approach and additional research. Materials and methods. The documents of 12 funds of industry research organizations, stored in the Russian State Archive in Samara, served as the source base for the preparation of the study. The work of the Research Institute is most fully reflected in the office and technical documentation — laboratory reports on tests of military equipment, weapons, ammunition, as well as the results of research on the materials of their manufacture. Results and discussion. Based on the analysis of unpublished archival documents, the article examines the activities of industry research organizations during the Great Patriotic War. The thesis is substantiated that, in the context of a reduction in funding, personnel and material base for research in 1941 — 1942, domestic research institutes rebuilt their work in the direction of applied developments with a short implementation period. Conclusion. The contribution to the Victory of scientific research organizations not directly related to defense production in the oil, food, and light industries, whose employees were able to mobilize efforts to meet the needs of the front, was revealed. The contribution to providing conditions for the offensive of the Red Army in 1944 in Belarus, Karelia and Eastern Europe through the preparation of analytical and reference materials on the condition of roads for troops and military equipment transportation is determined.
Contribution of women of the Mari ASSR to the development of school education and educational activities of the republic during the Great Patriotic War 1941 — 1945
Introduction. The issues of the history of the Great Patriotic War are among the most problematic and discussed in Russian historiography, requiring deeper understanding to prevent falsification of its events and outcomes, therefore, the study of this period is the most relevant in modern society. Various events and circumstances were factors in achieving Victory, including the consciousness of the absolute majority of the multinational Soviet people. In this regard, the educational and educational work of women among the younger generation, as well as their educational activities, have played a significant role. Materials and methods. The research material includes a certain range of local history literature, published sources, periodicals, as well as archival documents. General scientific and special historical methods were used in the work. Results and discussion. The study showed that despite the material and living difficulties during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 — 1945, the women of the republic fought to improve the academic performance and quality of knowledge among school children, used such methods of work as organizing additional classes with lagging students, working with parents, etc. The teachers of the republic became directors and heads of schools, achieved high attendance of students. Conclusion. The information obtained in the course of the work on the contribution of women of the Mari ASSR to the development of school education and educational activities during the war years showed that teachers contributed to improving the quality of knowledge, academic performance and educational level of students, and their educational activities in the patriotic direction contributed to strengthening the sense of citizenship and love for their country.
The “Socialist industrialization” of Mordovia in public discourse and scientific research studies of the late 1950 — mid-1960s
Introduction. The historiographical situation in the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the Khrushchev thaw is characterized by the publication activity of engineering and technical personnel and heads of industrial enterprises who wished to contribute to the cause of “building communism”. Party and Soviet workers have prepared a series of scientific texts containing an analysis of the state and development prospects of the “flagships of the Mordovian industry”. This publication is devoted to the study of this stage of the regional historiography of the problem of Soviet industrialization of Mordovia, which has not yet been the subject of a special study. Materials and methods. In order to analyze the state of knowledge of the history of industry, as well as to recreate the socio-political context of research activities, in addition to the texts of articles and monographs written during the “thaw” era, archival material was also used to recreate the socio-political development of Mordovia during this period. Structural, systemic, problem-chronological and comparative historical methods were used in the preparation of the publication. Results and discussion. The article considers monographs and dissertations in which various aspects of the industrialization process of the late 1950s — mid-1960s were considered based on the materials of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. It is proved that during the years of the “thaw”, scientists and practitioners had to not only adhere to ideological attitudes (which were weakened compared to the 1930s and early 1950s), but also had to take into account the opinion of their superiors and the political situation. Conclusion. Due to the need for scientific and methodological support for the functioning of new branches of the national economic complex in the late 1950s and 1960s, the activities of research institutions were redesigned, and the range of problems developed by economic scientists significantly expanded. For the most part, practically-oriented articles and books devoted to individual enterprises, as well as branches of industrial production, have not so much historiographical as source-based significance.
Material and technical support of the activity of the Procuracy of the Mordovian ASSR in the 1950 — 1980s
Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of the history of the logistical support of the activities of the Soviet Procuracy on the regional basis. The purpose of the article is to study the level of material and technical support, to consider issues of interaction between the territorial Procuracy and local authorities. Materials and methods. The research material was archival documents and memoirs of veterans of the Procuracy. The article is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism, using historical-systemic, problematic-chronological and historical-comparative methods. Results and discussion. The article discusses various aspects of the logistical support of the Procuracy of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in particular the provision and construction of administrative buildings for them, providing the Procuracy of the republic with transport. Special attention is paid to the issue of introducing scientific and technical means, investigative and forensic equipment into the activities of the prosecutorʼs office. Conclusion. Up to the mid-1960s, the level of logistical support for the Procuracy of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic remained extremely low. The most significant changes in material and technical equipment occurred by the early 1970s, after which the pace of retrofitting slowed down somewhat. However, until the end of the 1980s, the Procuracy remained fairly well-resourced. Local authorities, despite their independence from the Procuracy, also played a role in strengthening its material base, especially in providing administrative buildings.
About the semantic evolution of an “animal” motive in the works of N. V. Gogol and L. N. Tolstoy
Introduction. The artistic comprehension of the animal principle — in relation to person and in man himself — has become one of the key lines in the literary process of Modern times. The piggy symbolization of sensual love and marriage in the works of N. V. Gogol and L. N. Tolstoy in Russian literature of the 19th century has become a systematic understanding of the relationship between the physical and spiritual principles in human nature. The analysis of the continuity of this motif in the works of the two writers allowed us to trace the logic of changing its meaning. Materials and methods. The research material is, on the one hand, the cycle of novels “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka” and the novella “Viy” by N. V. Gogol, on the other hand, the prose by L. N. Tolstoy of the 1870s — 1880s. In the course of the work, the following methods were used: comparative-historical, structural, cultural-historical and the method of holistic analysis of an artistic work. Results and discussion. In a number of stories from “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, which develop a fabulously ballad plot model, endowing the heroine with zoomorphic, in particular pig, signs of a rival and “pest” serves as a means of belittling her. At the same time, the heroine herself becomes like the antagonist in her confrontation, thereby inheriting her role and status in a future marriage. Conclusion. In the pig figure, N. V. Gogol partly reflected the psychology of folklore and mythological symbolization of Eros and marriage. The archaic consciousness, denoting earthly fertility by a pig, inevitably transferred this emblem to human fertility, i.e. to marriage and family Eros, and predetermined its “demonic” origins within the framework of the Christian worldview. In Leo Tolstoyʼs characters, piggyʼs symbolization of love became an implicit negative generalization of not only personal, but also universal spiritual experience. Thus, what could have been the source of a new understanding of bodily life became only a confirmation of the traditional one.
The work of Chingiz Aitmatov and Turkic-language literatures: overcoming the socialist realism canon
Introduction. The subject of this article is the changes that occurred in Turkic-language literatures in the 1960s and 1980s due to the influence of the Socialist Realism canon, as well as the Renaissance trends in the national literatures of the USSR in the second half of the ХХ century. Materials and methods. The material for the study was the works of Ch. Aitmatov and Tatar writers of the 1960 — 1980s, which showed a departure from the principles of socialist realism. The combination of contextual and hermeneutic methods made it possible to identify the main artistic techniques in the Turkic-language literatures of the avant-garde type. Results and discussion. Based on the comparative analysis of the works of Ch. Aitmatov, A. Eniki, A. Yakubov, A. Bayanov, it is established that the Turkic-language literature of this period is characterized by such features as a return to national artistic traditions, deepening of personality and psychology, intellectuality and philosophy. Literature reveals reflections on the spiritual state of society, touches on “forbidden” topics and asserts the close relationship of man with the world, his native land, at the same time indicates alienation from his essence. Conclusion. In the Turkic-language literatures of the 1960 and 1980s, striving to create new artistic forms, the following techniques became key: first, a clear separation of characters along the poles of good and evil (spiritual and material); secondly, the expansion of the semantic range of traditional images from the singular to the universal, to archetypal principles;thirdly, the inextricable interrelation of ethnic and universal values; Fourth, the use of “stream of consciousness” techniques (including the “stream of consciousness of the beast” in combination with ancient Turkic myths and legends), internal monologues and a detailed depiction of the mental qualities and experiences of the characters.
The problem of the moral choice of the heroine in V. I. Mishanina’s drama “Kutsemat” (“Steps”)
Introduction. The article examines the features of the moral choice of the heroine of V. I. Mishaninaʼs drama “Kutsemat” (“Steps”), characterizes the gender dominants of the inner world of a personality driven to extremes and turned away from the right path. The motives and consequences of her actions are analyzed, resonating with social norms of morality and acting as a form of resistance to the inevitable dehumanization in conditions of total injustice. The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of life circumstances, social isolation and poverty on the formation of the heroine's moral image. Materials and methods. The main source of the research was V. I. Mishaninaʼs play “Kutsemat” (“Steps”). The work involved analytical and comparative methods, as well as the method of socio-cultural analysis. Results and discussion. In the playwrightʼs play, the moral dilemma of a woman is presented much more complicated than that of a man, since her decisions are determined not only by personal beliefs, but also by gender and social status. The heroine of the play is a bearer of a complex of indestructible moral values and, unlike other representatives of basement and attic life, is able to maintain her moral identity even in the most critical situations. Conclusion. V. I. Mishaninaʼs drama “The Steps” is a study of the human soul. Focusing on the crisis of values and social injustice, the author manages to truthfully show how easy it is to condemn a person without knowing the whole story of his life, and how difficult it is to maintain dignity in a world that has long forgotten how to give second chances.
P. S. Kirillov’s play “Litova”: characterization of negative characters
Introduction. P. S. Kirillovʼs play “Litova”, which broadly reveals the artistic and aesthetic possibilities of Mordovian drama, is an example of national classics. In it, the author, based on the experience of Soviet historical drama, acted as an innovator. Written based on oral folk art, the drama tells about the participation of the Mordovian people in the peasant war led by Stepan Razin. Materials and methods. The research material was P. S. Kirillov's drama “Litova” in Erzya and Russian. In the course of the work, comparative historical and cultural historical methods were used, as well as the method of holistic analysis of the artwork. Results and discussion. The people, their lives and struggles are the main theme of the drama. It is impossible to show the people as the driving force of history without conveying the diversity of its original representatives. The study examines hidden and clearly marked ideological conflicts, analyzes negative images, taking into account all their complexity and inconsistency. The cruelty of the soldiers, the lackey devotion of the Murz and the hypocritical sanctity of monasticism — all these vices are reflected in the negative characters. Conclusion. In the Mordovian literature of the 1930s, works of various genres were characterized by a one-sided approach to both positive and negative characters. The characterization of negative characters was often purely external.
On the problem of Russian-Chuvash literary relations (based on the material of Chuvash drama of the early ХХ century)
Introduction. The study of inter-literary dialogue is one of the important problems of modern literary criticism. The contact and literary relations of Chuvash literature with Russian literary classics in the early twentieth century played a significant role in the formation of the genre thinking of Chuvash drama. In this regard, the study of dialogue, in which self-knowledge of native literature is realized through the perception of another, is relevant both in studying the literary process of the early twentieth century and identifying its characteristic features, as well as in revealing its genre origins. Materials and methods. The article examines Chuvash dramatic works of the early twentieth century through the continuity of Russian and Chuvash literature (themes, issues, motivic structure, images, system of artistic means). The methods of structural, historical, typological and comparative analysis are used in the study of the dialogue between the two literatures. Results and discussion. To achieve the purpose of the study, we analyzed the works of K. Ivanov, one of the brightest representatives of Chuvash poetry, who managed to enter into a dialogue with classical examples of world literature. The study of the interpretation of literary works in different cultural contexts is an important aspect of the problem of literary interrelationships. From this point of view, the drama “Zora” by N. Garin-Mikhailovsky is analyzed, which shows a picture of the Chuvash world, and its creative reinterpretation by I. Maksimov-Koshkinsky on the stage of the Chuvash theater. Conclusion. The appeal to the traditions of Russian classical literature expanded the genre and artistic and aesthetic possibilities of Chuvash drama at the stage of its formation, stimulated the search for new means of depicting reality.
About the symbolic representation of the concept “mouth / lips” in the texts of M. Tsvetaeva
Introduction. In modern cognitive linguopoetics, special attention is paid to the study of tropes and figures of speech in the context of the formation of the authorʼs worldview. Researchers strive to identify the deep mechanisms of meaning formation expressed by cognitive-semantic and cognitive-figurative means. The central place is occupied by the analysis of epithets, considered as an indicator of the authorʼs categorization of reality and his subjective worldview. Materials and methods. Using cognitive-semantic, lexicographic, component, contextual and statistical methods, the characteristic linguistic units that verbalize the qualitative characteristics of the concept «mouth / lips» in the texts of M. Tsvetaeva were considered. Results and discussion. The result of the study of the featured presentation of one of the most frequent concepts of M. Tsvetaevaʼs work («mouth / lips») It proved that his epithet component is focused on a detailed depiction of the psychological, emotional and characterological state of the lyrical subject, which corresponds to the idea of lips and mouth as symbols of sensuality. The paper identifies the authorʼs occasional epithet complexes, including substantive, compound phrasal and genitive epithets. Special attention is paid to the comparison of the authorʼs epithet models with the general linguistic and general poetic context. Conclusion. The study revealed the cognitive foundations of epithet and its role in the idiosyncrasy of M. Tsvetaeva, for whom the epithet is not a trope, but a search for meaning. Further work on various aspects of the study of sign vocabulary based on other idioms will help to more holistically present the role of the epithet in structuring the picture of the world.
Names of crustaceans in the Tatar language: formation and development
Introduction. The article examines the formation, development and current state of one of the groups of zoological terms in the Tatar language — carcinological terms. The scientific novelty of the study is dictated by the unexplored names of crustaceans implemented in a diachronic aspect. The paper presents for the first time the dynamics of terms, their semantic and structural transformations; the role of the generic component in the formation of new terms and borrowings in the enrichment of the terminological system is revealed. Materials and methods. The material for the study was a corpus of crustacean names (87 names) extracted from dictionaries, educational, popular science literature, and online publications. In the course of the work, diachronic and synchronic methods were used, which made it possible to consistently describe the material identified by continuous sampling from sources. Results and discussion. The main body of carcinological terminology was formed in the 20s of the XX century. There is also a protothermological layer in this subsystem. The study in the diachronic aspect showed that names of various origins were used as the names of the main representative of arthropods. The zoonym of the idea ‘cancer’, which has entered the terminology, meets the requirements for the terms. It becomes the main generic component that forms complex terms (23% of terms have been created). Conclusion. The group of crustacean names formed by the example of more «old» subsystems, such as ichthyonyms, ornithonyms, at the present stage of the development of the Tatar language is a developing subsystem of zoological terminology of the Tatar language.