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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">380892</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2025.10.12-16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Methods for assessing biological age: relevance, clock types, and clinical significance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методики оценки биологического возраста: актуальность, типы часов, клиническая значимость</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7183-8965</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belan</surname><given-names>K. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белан</surname><given-names>К. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of Direction of Preventive Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>руководитель направления превентивной медицины</p></bio><email>kirbelan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9887-8759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lemberg</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лемберг</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>General Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>генеральный директор</p></bio><email>lemberg.ka@atlasclinic.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-8543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinov</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинов</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный врач</p></bio><email>IR_FATHUTDINOV@protek.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0185-0045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonov</surname><given-names>K. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонов</surname><given-names>К. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Atlas Clinics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. клиниками «Атлас»</p></bio><email>antonov.kk@atlasclinic.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-5233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gryazeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грязева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры дерматовенерологии и косметологии</p></bio><email>tynrik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Atlas Medical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Медицинский центр «Атлас»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральная государственная медицинская академия Управления делами Президента РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2073-4034/article/view/380892">https://journals.rcsi.science/2073-4034/article/view/380892</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past century, humanity has witnessed an unprecedented increase in life expectancy, which has naturally led to global population aging. Paradoxically, despite the impressive achievements of modern medicine, the prevalence of age-related noncommunicable diseases continues to steadily increase. The fundamental goal of longevity medicine interventions is not simply to increase the number of years lived, but to significantly extend the healthy lifespan (Healthspan), slow the rate of biological aging, and improve quality of life, regardless of an individual’s chronological age. In this context, aging biomarkers represent critical tools for achieving these goals. Biological age is considered by the modern scientific community as the most promising integrated indicator combining biomarker signatures and possessing clinical and prognostic significance in longevity medicine. Epigenetic clocks, based on a thorough analysis of DNA methylation patterns, are currently recognized as the gold standard for quantitative assessment of biological age. Among the most thoroughly studied and validated models are the Horvath clock, the Hannum clock, the PhenoAge formula, the GrimAge formula, and the DunedinPACE formula, each with specific advantages in different clinical contexts. At the same time, the dynamics of many biomarkers throughout the life cycle are distinctly nonlinear and exhibit complex patterns of interaction with a nonlinear increase in mortality and the risk of developing age-associated pathologies. Therefore, the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies for multimodal data analysis opens up fundamentally new prospects for the creation of highly accurate and personalized models for assessing biological age.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В течение последнего столетия человечество стало свидетелем беспрецедентного увеличения продолжительности жизни, что закономерно привело к глобальному старению населения. Парадоксально, что, несмотря на впечатляющие достижения современной медицины, распространенность возраст-ассоциированных неинфекционных заболеваний продолжает неуклонно нарастать. Фундаментальной целью интервенций в рамках медицины долголетия является не просто увеличение числа прожитых лет, а существенное расширение продолжительности здорового периода жизни (Healthspan), замедление темпов биологического старения и повышение качества жизни, независимо от хронологического возраста индивидуума. В этом контексте биомаркеры старения представляют собой критически важные инструменты для достижения означенных целей. Биологический возраст рассматривается современным научным сообществом как наиболее перспективный интегральный показатель, объединяющий сигнатуры биомаркеров и обладающий клинической и прогностической значимостью в медицине долголетия. Эпигенетические часы, основанные на тщательном анализе паттернов метилирования ДНК, в настоящее время признаны золотым стандартом количественной оценки биологического возраста. Среди наиболее тщательно изученных и валидированных моделей выделяют часы Хорвата, часы Ханнума, формулы PhenoAge, GrimAge и DunedinPACE, каждая из которых обладает специфическими преимуществами в различных клинических контекстах. В то же время динамика многих биомаркеров на протяжении жизненного цикла носит выраженно нелинейный характер и демонстрирует сложные паттерны взаимодействия с нелинейным ростом вероятности смертности и риска развития возраст-ассоциированных патологий. В связи с этим внедрение технологий искусственного интеллекта для анализа мультимодальных данных открывает принципиально новые перспективы создания высокоточных и персонифицированных моделей оценки биологического возраста.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>aging biomarkers</kwd><kwd>biological age</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>healthy longevity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры старения</kwd><kwd>биологический возраст</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>здоровое долголетие</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez R., Morsch P., Soliz P., et al. Life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and burden of disease in older people in the Americas, 1990-2019: a population-based study. 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