<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmateca</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pharmateca</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фарматека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2073-4034</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2414-9128</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">368188</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/pharmateca.2025.9.15-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Pulmonology/ENT/ARVI</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Пульмонология/ЛОР/ОРВИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Herpes simplex viruses: from pathogenesis to effective treatment using immunomodulators</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вирусы простого герпеса: от патогенеза к эффективному лечению с использованием иммуномодуляторов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заслуженный врач РФ, зав. кафедрой педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского</p></bio><email>zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezhnaya</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бережная</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского</p></bio><email>berezhnaya-irina26@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2181-8138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pupikina</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пупыкина</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Teaching Assistant, G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистентка кафедры педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского</p></bio><email>vika-pupykina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0335-0704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Churilova</surname><given-names>V. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чурилова</surname><given-names>В. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, G.N. Speransky Department of Pediatrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирантка кафедры педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского</p></bio><email>vika.churilova.2020@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-18"><day>18</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2073-4034/article/view/368188">https://journals.rcsi.science/2073-4034/article/view/368188</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are extremely common infectious agents characterized by a high degree of contagiousness. Infections caused by HSV types 1 and 2 are often asymptomatic but can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including primary and recurrent vesicular lesions of the oral and labial mucosa, ophthalmological and genital lesions, and viral encephalitis. HSV poses a particular danger to patients in high-risk groups. High susceptibility to herpes infections is typical in newborns due to the physiological immaturity of the immune system, as well as in patients with immunodeficiency conditions of various origins. The immunological response to HSV is a complex process that activates components of both innate and adaptive immunity. Recurrent herpesvirus infections are characterized by an immunological imbalance, characterized by a decrease in the number of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, a decrease in the immunoregulatory coefficient, and suppression of the functional activity of natural killer cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Over the course of evolution, HSVs have developed adaptive immunomodulatory mechanisms specifically aimed at evading the T-cell immune response, ensuring lifelong persistence of the pathogen in the host body. In pediatric practice, when clinical markers of immune system deficiency are identified, characterized by recurrent infectious and inflammatory conditions and resistance to conventional treatment methods, the use of pharmacological agents with immunotropic properties is justified. This article discusses the mechanisms of action of inosine pranobex and its efficacy against infections caused by HSV types 1 and 2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирусы простого герпеса (ВПГ) – чрезвычайно распространённые инфекционные агенты, характеризующиеся высокой степенью контагиозности. Инфекции, вызванные ВПГ 1 и 2 типов, часто протекают бессимптомно, но могут вызывать ряд клинических проявлений, включая первичные и рецидивирующие везикулярные поражения слизистой оболочки полости рта и губ, офтальмологические и генитальные поражения, а также вирусный энцефалит. Особую опасность ВПГ представляют для пациентов, относящихся к группам риска. Высокая восприимчивость к герпетическим инфекциям характерна для новорожденных вследствие физиологической незрелости иммунной системы, а также для пациентов с иммунодефицитными состояниями различного генеза. Иммунологический ответ на ВПГ представляет собой комплексный процесс, активирующий компоненты как врождённого, так и адаптивного иммунитета. При рецидивирующем течении герпесвирусной инфекции отмечается иммунологический дисбаланс, характеризующийся уменьшением числа CD3+ и CD4+ лимфоцитов, снижением иммунорегуляторного коэффициента, а также угнетением функциональной активности естественных киллеров и антителозависимой клеточной цитотоксичности. В ходе эволюции ВПГ сформировали адаптивные механизмы иммуномодуляции, специфически направленные на уклонение от Т-клеточного иммунного ответа, что обеспечивает пожизненную персистенцию патогена в организме хозяина. В педиатрической практике при выявлении клинических маркеров дефицита иммунной системы, характеризующихся рецидивирующими инфекционно-воспалительными состояниями и резистентностью к конвенциональным методам лечения, обоснованным является применение фармакологических агентов с иммунотропными свойствами. В статье обсуждаются механизмы действия препарата инозин пранобекс и его эффективность в отношении инфекций, вызванных ВПГ 1 и 2 типов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>herpes simplex virus</kwd><kwd>immunostimulation</kwd><kwd>antiviral therapy</kwd><kwd>etiotropic treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус простого герпеса</kwd><kwd>иммуностимуляция</kwd><kwd>противовирусная терапия</kwd><kwd>этиотропное лечение</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gupta R., Warren T., Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2127–37. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61908-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Waggoner-Fountain L.A., Grossman L.B. Herpes simplex virus. Pediatr Rev. 2004;25(3):86–93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.25-3-86</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Ryder N., Jin F., McNulty A.M., et al. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992–2006. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85(6):416–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.033902</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Looker K.J., Elmes J.A.R., Gottlieb S.L., et al. Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(12):1303–16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30405-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu S., Viejo-Borbolla A. Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus. Virulence. 2021;12(1):2670–702. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.1982373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>James C., Harfouche M., Welton N.J., et al. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315–29. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.237149</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Краснова Е.И., Ольховиков А.И., Сабитов А.У. и др. Герпетические инфекции у детей. Учебное пособие. Под ред. А.У. Сабитова. Екатеринбург, 2014. С. 114. [Krasnova E.I., Olkhovikov A.I., Sabitov A.U., et al. Herpes infections in children. A tutorial. Edited by A.U. Sabitov. Ekaterinburg, 2014. p. 114. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Заплатников А.Л., Коровина Н.А., Корнева М.Ю., Чебуркин А.В. Внутриутробные инфекции: диагностика, лечение, профилактика. Медицина неотложных состояний. 2013;1(48):25–33. [Zaplatnikov A.L., Korovina N.A., Korneva M.Yu., Cheburkin A.V. Intrauterine infections: diagnosis, treatment, prevention. Emergency Medicine. 2013;1(48):25–33. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Pinninti S.G., Kimberlin D.W. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. Am J Perinatol. 2013;30(2):113–9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1332802</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Whitley R., Baines J. Clinical management of herpes simplex virus infections: past, present, and future. F1000Res. 2018;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1726. https://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16157.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kabani N., Kimberlin D.W: Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. NeoReviews. 2018;19(2):e89–96. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.19-2-e89</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ramchandani M., Kong M., Tronstein E., et al. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Tears and Nasal and Oral Mucosa of Healthy Adults. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(12):756–60. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000522</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Wald A. Herpes. Transmission and viral shedding. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16(4):795–7, xiv. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70049-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Ayoub H.H., Chemaitelly H., Abu-Raddad L.J. Characterizing the transitioning epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the USA: model-based predictions. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):57. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1285-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Bernstein D.I., Bellamy A.R., Hook E.W., et al. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibody response to primary infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in young women. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(3):344–51. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis891</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston C., Wald A. Genital Herpes. JAMA. 2024;332(10):835–6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.12743</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Xu F., Lee F.K., Morrow R.A., et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 in children in the United States. J Pediatr. 2007;151(4):374–7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.04.065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Chemaitelly H., Nagelkerke N., Omori R., Abu-Raddad L.J. Characterizing herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence declines and epidemiological association in the United States. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0214151. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214151</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kramer M.A., Uitenbroek D.G., Ujcic-Voortman J.K., et al. Ethnic differences in HSV1 and HSV2 seroprevalence in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(24):18904</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Wutzler P., Doerr H.W., Färber I., et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in selected German populations-relevance for the incidence of genital herpes. J Med Virol. 2000;61(2):201–7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(200006)61:2&lt;201::aid-jmv5&gt;3.0.co;2-p</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ageeb R.A., Harfouche M., Chemaitelly H., Abu-Raddad L.J. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the United States: Systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. iScience. 2024;27(9):110652. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.110652</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>AlMukdad S., Harfouche M., Farooqui U.S., et al. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and genital herpes in Australia and New Zealand: systematic review, meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Epidemiol Infect. 2023;151:e33. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268823000183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Боковой А.Г., Егоров А.И. Герпесвирусные инфекции у детей и родителей: Учебное пособие для студентов, врачей-педиатров, инфекционистов, иммунологов. М., 2014. [Bokovoy A.G., Egorov A.I. Herpesvirus infections in children and parents: A textbook for students, pediatricians, infectious disease specialists, and immunologists. Moscow, 2014. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Cunningham A.L., Diefenbach R.J., Miranda-Saksena M., et al. The cycle of human herpes simplex virus infection: virus transport and immune control. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(Suppl. 1):S11–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/505359</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Зуйкова И.Н., Шульженко А.Е., Щубелко Р.В. Коррекция цитокиновых нарушений у пациентов с хронической рецидивирующей герпесвирусной инфекцией. Фарматека. 2014;10:48–54. [Zuikova I.N., Shulzhenko A.E., Shchubelko R.V. Correction of cytokine disorders in patients with chronic recurrent herpesvirus infection. Pharmateca. 2014;10:48–54. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Исаков В.А., Архипова Е.И., Исаков Д.В. Герпесвирусные инфекции человека: руководство для врачей. 2-е изд., перераб. и дополн. СПб., 2013. [Isakov V.A., Arkhipova E.I., Isakov D.V. Human herpesvirus infections: a guide for physicians. 2nd ed., revised and supplemented. St. Petersburg, 2013. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Марданлы С.Г., Симонова Е.Г., Симонов В.В. Герпесвирусные инфекции: этиология и патогенез, клиника и лабораторная диагностика, эпидемиология и профилактика. Орехово-Зуево, 2020. [Mardanly S.G., Simonova E.G., Simonov V.V. Herpesvirus infections: etiology and pathogenesis, clinical presentation and laboratory diagnostics, epidemiology and prevention. Orekhovo-Zuyevo, 2020. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Руженцова Т.А. Гастроэнтерологические маски сердечно-сосудистой патологии. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2016;130(6):114–7. [Ruzhentsova T.A. Gastroenterological masks of cardiovascular pathology. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2016;130(6):114–7. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J., Liu H., Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017;18(4):277–88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1600460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Melchjorsen J., Matikainen S., Paludan S.R. Activation and evasion of innate antiviral immunity by herpes simplex virus. Viruses. 2009;1(3):737–59. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v1030737</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Koyanagi N., Kawaguchi Y. Evasion of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response by Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses. 2020;12(12):1354. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121354</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Neumann J., Eis-Hübinger A.M., Koch N. Herpes simplex virus type 1 targets the MHC class II processing pathway for immune evasion. J Immunol. 2003;171(6):3075–83. https://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3075</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Trgovcich J., Johnson D., Roizman B. Cell surface major histocompatibility complex class II proteins are regulated by the products of the gamma(1)34.5 and U(L)41 genes of herpes simplex virus 1. J Virol. 2002;76(14):6974–86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.14.6974-6986.2002.4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Aubert M., Yoon M., Sloan D.D., et al. The virological synapse facilitates herpes simplex virus entry into T cells. J Virol, 2009;83:6171–83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02163-08</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Sloan D.D., Jerome K.R. Herpes simplex virus remodels T-cell receptor signaling, resulting in p38-dependent selective synthesis of interleukin-10. J Virol. 2007;81:12504–14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01111-07</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Bosnjak L., Sahlström P., Paquin-Proulx D., et al. Contact-dependent interference with invariant NKT cell activation by herpes simplex virus-infected cells. J Immunol, 2012;188:6216–24. https://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1100218</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Howson L.J., Salio M., Cerundolo V. MR1-Restricted Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Their Activation during Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol. 2015;6:303. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00303</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Corbett A.J., Eckle S.B.G., Birkinshaw R.W., et al. T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways. Nature. 2014;509:361–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13160</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hinks T.S.C., Marchi E., Jabeen M., et al. Activation and in vivo evolution of the MAIT cell transcriptome in mice and humans reveals tissue repair functionality. Cell Rep. 2019;28:3249–62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Sattler A., Dang-Heine C., Reinke P., Babel N. IL-15 dependent induction of IL-18 secretion as a feedback mechanism controlling human MAIT-cell effector functions. Eur J Immunol, 2015;45:2286–98. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.201445313</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Lamichhane R., Schneider M., de la Harpe S.M., et al. TCR- or cytokine-activated CD8+ mucosal-associated invariant T cells are rapid polyfunctional effectors that can coordinate immune responses. Cell Rep. 2019;28:3061–76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Muller W.J., Zheng X.T. Laboratory diagnosis of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. J Clin Microbiol, 2019;57:e01460–18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01460-18</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Samies N.L., James S.H., Kimberlin D.W. Neonatal herpes simplex virus disease: updates and continued challenges. Clin Perinatol. 2021;48:263–74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2021.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kimberlin D.W., Barnett E.D., Lynfield R., Sawer M.H. Herpes simplex. 2021. P. 407–17. In Redbook: 2021–2024. Report of the committee on infectious diseases, 32nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, IL.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Белозеров Е.С., Буланьков Ю.И., Митин Ю.А. Инфекционные болезни в прошлом, настоящем и будущем. Медлайн-экспресс. 2003;10:31–8. [Belozerov E.S., Bulankov Yu.I., Mitin Yu.A. Infectious diseases in the past, present and future. Medline-express. 2003;10:31–8. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Калугина М.Ю., Каражас Н.В., Козина В.И. и др. Герпетические инфекции у больных с иммунодефицитным состоянием. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2009;1:79–80. [Kalugina M.Yu., Karazhas N.V., Kozina V.I., et al. Herpetic infections in patients with immunodeficiency. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2009;1:79–80. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Елисеева М.Ю., Мынбаев О.А. Роль вспомогательной иммунотерапии в решении проблем ВПЧ-ассоциированных патологических поражений кожи и слизистых оболочек. Акушерство и гинекология. 2011;4:104–11. [Eliseeva M.Yu., Mynbaev O.A. The role of adjuvant immunotherapy in solving the problems of HPV-associated pathological lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;4:104–11 (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Левина А.С., Бабаченко И.В. Клинические рекомендации (протокол лечения) оказания медицинской помощи детям, больным инфекцией, вызванной вирусом простого герпеса. 2015. Levina A.S., Babachenko I.V. Clinical guidelines (treatment protocol) for providing medical care to children with infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. 2015. (In Russ.)]. URL: https://library.mededtech.ru/rest/documents/c7f42ef3-6539-47b4-a105-a5ed1516c51c/ (дата обращeния/date of access: 01.11.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Sliva J., Pantzartzi C.N., Votava M. Inosine Pranobex: A Key Player in the Game Against a Wide Range of Viral Infections and Non-Infectious Diseases. Adv Ther. 2019;36(8):1878–905. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-00995-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Lasek W., Janyst M., Wolny R., et al. Immunomodulatory effects of inosine pranobex on cytokine production by human lymphocytes. Acta Pharm. 2015;65(2):171–80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acph-2015-0015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Milano S., Dieli M., Millott S., et al. Effect of isoprinosine on IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4 production in vivo and in vitro. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1991;13(7):1013–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(91)90055-c</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Janíčková O., Ančicová L., Briestenská K., Mistríková J. The effect of Isoprinosine treatment on persistent infection of Balb/c mice infected with murine gammaherpesvirus 68. Acta Virol. 2017;61(1):32–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.4149/av_2017_01_32</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Petrova M., Jelev D., Ivanova A., Krastev Z. Isoprinosine affects serum cytokine levels in healthy adults. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2010;30(4):223–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2009.0057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Rumel A.S., Newman A.S., O’Daly J., et al. Inosine Acedoben Dimepranol promotes an early and sustained increase in the natural killer cell component of circulating lymphocytes: A clinical trial supporting anti-viral indications. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017;42:108–14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Романцова А.А. Опыт применения изопринозина у пациентов с персистирующей герпесвирусной инфекцией. Мир вирусных гепатитов. 2013;1. [Romantsova A.A. Experience with the use of isoprinosine in patients with persistent herpesvirus infection. The World of Viral Hepatitis. 2013;1. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>You Y., Wang L., Li Y., et al. Multicenter randomized study of inosine pranobex versus acyclovir in the treatment of recurrent herpes labialis and recurrent herpes genitalis in Chinese patients. J Dermatol. 2015;42(6):596–601. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12845</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Савенкова М.С., Балакирева Г.М., Кузнецова Е.С. и др. Опыт лечения препаратом Гроприносин (инозином пранобексом) герпес-вирусных инфекций у детей с эпилепсией и детским церебральным параличом. Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum. 2019;4:51–7. [Savenkova M.S., Balakireva G.M., Kuznetsova E.S., et al. Experience with Groprinosin (inosine pranobex) treatment of herpes virus infections in children with epilepsy and cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum. 2019;4:51–7. (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26442/26586630.2019.4.190750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Клиничeскиe рeкомeндации Министeрства здравоохранeния Российской Фeдeрации. Грипп. Дети. 2025. Министeрство здравоохранeния Российской Фeдeрации: официальный сайт. [Clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Influenza. Children. 2025. Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: official website. (In Russ.)]. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/249_2 (дата обращeния/ date of access: 17.09.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Masihi K.N. Immunomodulatory agents for prophylaxis and therapy of infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2000;14:3:181–91.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
