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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Siberian Journal of Economic and Business Studies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Siberian Journal of Economic and Business Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сибирский журнал экономических и бизнес-исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">3033-5973</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Science and Innovation Center Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">381858</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12731/3033-5973-2025-14-4-312</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WEYJYG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Mathematical and quantitative methods in economics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Математические и инструментальные методы экономики</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of the cyclical components of Russia’s GDP using the Hodrick-Prescott, Baxter-King, and Christiano-Fitzgerald Methods</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ циклических составляющих ВВП России методами Hodrick-Prescott, Baxter-King, Christiano-Fitzgerald</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matantsev</surname><given-names>Anatoly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матанцев</surname><given-names>Анатолий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student</p> <p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p> <p> </p></bio><email>amx1375@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Humanities University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО ВО «Гуманитарный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-10"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Matantsev A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Матанцев А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Matantsev A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Матанцев А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/2070-7568/article/view/381858">https://journals.rcsi.science/2070-7568/article/view/381858</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Fluctuations in economic activity remain a key focus of macroeconomic analysis, as the phases of the business cycle reflect the economy’s response to external and internal shocks. For Russia, this topic is particularly relevant due to repeated crisis episodes over the past two decades and the need for reliable tools to diagnose phases of growth and recession. A comparison of time-series filtering methods makes it possible to identify which of them provide the most accurate assessment of cyclical fluctuations in GDP.</p> <p>Purpose – is to conduct a comparative analysis of the cyclical components of Russia’s real GDP extracted using the Hodrick-Prescott (HP), Baxter-King (BK), and Christiano-Fitzgerald (CF) filters.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Quarterly Russian GDP data for 2003 - 3rd quarter 2025 (at 2021 prices, seasonally adjusted) were obtained from Rosstat. The study employed econometric and statistical methods of time-series analysis: the HP, BK, and CF filters implemented in the Statsmodels package (Python).</p> <p>Results. The analysis showed that all three methods consistently capture the main recessions in the modern Russian economy – 2009, 2015-2016, and 2020. The BK and CF filters produce nearly identical cyclical trajectories, with a correlation coefficient of about 0.97, indicating their statistical equivalence in business-cycle estimation.</p> <p>The HP filter generates a higher-frequency, noisier component and smooths the negative phases at the series<ext-link/> ends due to the endpoint problem. This results in lower accuracy when identifying short-term downturns (about 75% of crisis quarters compared to 100% for BK and CF).</p> <p>The extracted cycles reproduce the well-known recessionary periods: the sharp GDP decline in 2009, the contraction in 2015–2016, and the 2020 downturn are captured by all three methods. Band-pass filters (BK and CF) provide a more realistic dynamic that reflects the duration and depth of crisis phases, while HP smooths amplitudes and accelerates the transition to recovery. The novelty of the study lies in the comparative evaluation of three classical filters using a modern Russian dataset, including the most recent observations, and in the quantitative assessment of their ability to accurately detect crisis episodes.</p> <p>Practical implications. The results can be used for business cycle analysis, assessment of deviations of actual GDP from potential levels, macroeconomic forecasting, and the development of anti-crisis economic policy measures.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. Колебания экономической активности остаются ключевым объектом макроэкономического анализа, поскольку фазы делового цикла отражают реакцию экономики на внешние и внутренние шоки. Для России данная тема особенно значима из-за неоднократных кризисных эпизодов последних двух десятилетий и потребности в корректных инструментах диагностики фаз роста и спада. Сравнение методов фильтрации временных рядов позволяет выявить, какие из них дают наиболее надежную оценку циклических колебаний ВВП.</p> <p>Цель – провести сравнительный анализ циклических компонентов реального ВВП России, выделенных методами Ходрика-Прескотта (HP), Бакстера-Кинга (BK) и Кристиано-Фитцджеральда (CF).</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Использованы квартальные данные ВВП РФ за 2003 - 3 квартал 2025 гг. (в ценах 2021 г., сезонно скорректированные) из базы Росстата. Применены экономико-математические и статистические методы анализа временных рядов: фильтры HP, BK и CF в реализации пакета Statsmodels (Python).</p> <p>Результаты. Анализ показал, что все три метода уверенно фиксируют основные рецессии современной российской экономики – 2009, 2015-2016 и 2020 гг. Фильтры BK и CF формируют практически идентичные циклические траектории: коэффициент корреляции между ними составляет около 0,97, что указывает на их статистическую эквивалентность при оценке бизнес-циклов. HP-фильтр даёт более высокочастотную и “шумовую” компоненту, а также демонстрирует сглаживание отрицательных фаз на концах ряда из-за эффекта оконности. Это приводит к меньшей точности при фиксации краткосрочных спадов (около 75 % кризисных кварталов против 100 % у BK и CF).</p> <p>Полученные циклы подтверждают известные рецессивные периоды: резкое падение ВВП в 2009 г., снижение в 2015-2016 гг. и спад 2020 г. воспроизводятся всеми методами. При этом полосно-пропускающие фильтры (BK и CF) дают более реалистичную динамику, отражающую длительность и глубину кризисных фаз, в то время как HP сглаживает амплитуды и ускоряет переход к восстановлению. Новизна исследования заключается в сопоставлении трех классических фильтров на современной российской выборке, включая последние данные, и в количественной оценке их способности корректно детектировать кризисные эпизоды.</p> <p>Практическое значение. Итоги исследования могут быть использованы при анализе деловых циклов, оценке отклонений фактического ВВП от потенциального уровня, формировании макропрогнозов и разработке антикризисных мер экономической политики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian GDP</kwd><kwd>business cycle</kwd><kwd>HP filter</kwd><kwd>BK filter</kwd><kwd>CF filter</kwd><kwd>econometric methods</kwd><kwd>time series analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВВП России</kwd><kwd>деловой цикл</kwd><kwd>HP-фильтр</kwd><kwd>BK-фильтр</kwd><kwd>CF-фильтр</kwd><kwd>экономико-математические методы</kwd><kwd>анализ временных рядов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurvich, E. T., &amp; Prilepsky, I. V. (2016). Impact of Financial Sanctions on the Russian Economy. 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