Possibilities and safety of physiotherapy in patients with implanted cardiac devices

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Widespread implantation of cardiac devices, i.e. cardiac pacemakers, cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation devices improved patients’ survival. It has resulted in increase in number of ageing patients with cardiac devices who need physiotherapeutic treatment due to accompanied comorbidities. Hence the study of the interaction between functions of cardiac devices and physiotherapeutic treatment techniques is particularly relevant. The use and safety of physiotherapeutic treatment techniques producing electromagnetic field which in turn eventually cause harm of the cardiac devices are being discussed in present review article. The possible adverse effects of such interaction are abrupt failure to stimulate or triggering of shock therapy with consequent arrhythmic events including cardiac arrest. The technical characteristics particularly associated with electromagnetic interference are discussed here in detail. The attention is also payed to analysis of possible causes and effects of electromagnetic interference and safety measures as well.

About the authors

Bakhram G. Iskenderov

Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Education ― affiliate of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: ltv-13@mail.ru
SPIN-code: 6466-9013

DSc., Prof.

Russian Federation, Penza

Tatiana V. Lokhina

Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Education ― affiliate of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: ltv-13@mail.ru
SPIN-code: 4671-0100

DSc.

Russian Federation, Penza

Marina G. Ivanchukova

Penza Institute for Advanced Medical Education ― affiliate of Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Email: ltv-13@mail.ru
SPIN-code: 5642-3066
Russian Federation, Penza

References

  1. Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, Ochoa JA, Frisch DR, Ho RT, еt al. Trends in permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States from 1993 to 2009: increasing complexity of patients and procedures. JACC. 2012;60:1540-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.017.
  2. Vardas PE, Simantirakis EN, Kanoupakis EM. New developments in cardiac pacemakers. Circulation. 2013;127(23):2343-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000086.
  3. de Vries LM, Dijk WA, Hooijschuur CA, Leening MJG, Stricker BHC, van Hemel NM. Utilisation of cardiac pacemakers over a 20-year period: Results from a nationwide pacemaker registry. Neth Heart J. 2017;25(1):47-55. doi: 10.1007/s12471-016-0880-0.
  4. Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA, et al. 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: The Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(29):2281-329. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut206.
  5. Bokeriya LA, Revishvili ASh, Dubrovsky IA. Cardiac pacing in Russia in 2011. Vestnik aritmologii. 2013;73:75-9. (in Russian).
  6. Iliou MC, Blanchard JC, Lamar-Tanguy A, Cristofini P, Ledru F. Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2016;86(1-2):756–62. doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2016.756.
  7. Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Kern M, et al. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. Rev Environ Health. 2016;31(3):363-97. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0011.
  8. Marinskis G, van Erven L, Bongiorni MG, Lip GY, Pison L, Blomström-Lundqvist C. Practices of cardiac implantable electronic device follow-up: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace. 2012;14:423-5. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus020.
  9. Lim WY, Prabhu S, Schilling RJ. Implantable cardiac electronic devices in the elderly population. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2019;8(2):143-6. doi: 10.15420/aer.2019.3.4.
  10. King J, Anderson CM. Patient safety and physiotherapy: What does it mean for your clinical practice? Physiother Can. 2010;62(3):172-5. doi: 10.3138/physio.62.3.172.
  11. Badger J, Taylor P, Swain I. The safety of electrical stimulation in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators: A systematic review. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2017;4:1-9. doi: 10.1177/2055668317745498.
  12. Digby GC, Daubney ME, Baggs J, Campbell D, Simpson CS, Redfearn DP, et al. Physiotherapy and cardiac rhythm devices: a review of the current scope of practice. Europace. 2009;11(7):850-9. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup102.
  13. Czermak T, Fichtner S. Cardiac implantable electronic devices: Electromagnetic interference from electrocauterization, lithotripsy and physiotherapy. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2019;30(2):168-76. doi: 10.1007/s00399-019-0620-4.
  14. Corzani A, Ziacchi M, Biffi M, Allaria L, Diemberger I, Martignani C, et al. Clinical management of electromagnetic interferences in patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: review of the literature and focus on magnetic resonance conditional devices. J Cardiovasc Med. 2015;16(10):704-13. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000301.
  15. Walker CA, Roberts FE. Impact of simulated patients on physiotherapy students’ skill performance in cardiorespiratory practice classes: A pilot study. Physiother Can. 2019;71(4). doi: 10.3138/ptc-2018-0113.
  16. Misiri J, Kusumoto F, Goldschlager N. Electromagnetic interference and implanted cardiac devices: the medical environment (part II). Clin Cardiol. 2012;35:321-28. doi: 10.1002/clc.21997.
  17. Digby GC, Femenia F, Baranchuk A. Cardiac implantable devices and physiotherapy practices interaction: myth or real? Medicina. 2011;1(2):174-8.
  18. Egger F, Hofer C, Hammerle FP, Löfler S, Nürnberg M, Fiedler L, et al. Influence of electrical stimulation therapy on permanent pacemaker function. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2019;131(13-14):313-20. doi: 10.1007/s00508-019-1494-5.
  19. Kamiya K, Satoh A, Niwano S, Tanaka S, Miida K, Hamazaki N, et al. Safety of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients implanted with cardioverter defibrillators. J Electrocardiol. 2016;49:99-101. doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.11.006.
  20. Das A, Kahali D. Physiological cardiac pacing: current status. Indian Heart J. 2016;68(4):552-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.03.033.
  21. Steffen MM, Osborn JS, Cutler MJ. Cardiac implantable electronic device therapy: permanent pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization devices. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(5):931-43. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.04.005.
  22. Lampert R. Managing with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Circulation. 2013;128:1576-85. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001555.
  23. Yildiz BS, Findikoglu G, Alihanoglu YI, Kilic IH, Evrengul H, Senol H. How do patients understand safety for cardiac implantable devices? Importance of postintervention education. Rehabil Res Pract. 2018;2018:5689353. doi: 10.1155/2018/5689353.
  24. Cao Y, Zhang Y, Su Y, Bai J, Wang W, Ge J. Assessment of adaptive rate response provided by accelerometer, minute ventilation and dual sensor compared with normal sinus rhythm during exercise: a self-controlled study in chronotropically competent subjects. Chin Med J. 2015;128(1):25-31. doi: 10.4103%2F0366-6999.147798.
  25. Tjong FV, Reddy VY. Permanent leadless cardiac pacemaker therapy. Circulation. 2017;135(15):1458-70. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025037.
  26. Napp A, Stunder D, Ma M, Kraus T, Marx N, Driessen S. Are patients with cardiac implants protected against electromagnetic interference in daily life and occupational environment? Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1798-804. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv135.
  27. Tiikkaja M, Aro AL, Alanko T, Lindholm H, Sistonen H, Hartikainen JE, et al. Electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators from low-frequency electromagnetic fields in vivo. Europace. 2013;15(3):388-94. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus345.
  28. Seckler T, Stunder D, Schikowsky Ch, Joosten S, Zink MD, Kraus T., et al. Effect of lead position and orientation on electromagnetic interference in patients with bipolar cardiovascular implantable electronic devices. Europace. 2017;19(2):319-28. doi: 10.1093/europace/euv458.
  29. Varma N, Piccini JP, Snell J, Fischer A, Dalal N, Mittal S. The relationship between level of adherence to automatic wireless remote monitoring and survival in pacemaker and defibrillator patients. JACC. 2015;65(24):2601-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.04.033.
  30. Beinart R, Nazarian S. Effects of external electrical and magnetic fields on pacemakers and defibrillators. Circulation. 2013;128:2799-2809. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005697.
  31. von Olshausen G, Rondak IC, Lennerz C, Semmler V, Grebmer C, Reents T, et al. Electromagnetic interference in implantable cardioverter defibrillators: present but rare. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105:657-65. doi: 10.1007/s00392-016-0965-1.
  32. Iskenderov BG, Petrova EV, Maximov DB, Kameneva OA. Comorbid anxiety disorders and quality of life in patients with an artificial cardiac pacemaker. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv. 2011;83(10):54-8. (in Russ.)
  33. Raitt MH. Inappropriate implantable defibrillator shocks: an adverse outcome that can be prevented. JACC. 2013;62(15):1351-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.055.
  34. Tseng ZH, Hayward RM, Clark NM, Mulvanny CG, Colburn BJ, Ursell PC, et al. Sudden death in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(8):1342-50. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2641.
  35. Miranda-Rius J, Lahor-Soler E, Brunet-Llobet L, de la Cruz X. Risk of electromagnetic interference induced by dental equipment on cardiac implantable electrical devices. Eur J Oral Sci. 2016;124(6):559-65. doi: 10.1111/eos.12313.
  36. Holmgren C, Carlsson T, Mannheimer C, Edvardsson N. Risk of interference from transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the sensing function of implantable defibrillators. PACE. 2008;31:151-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00962.x.
  37. Katrib J, Nadi M, Kourtiche D, Magne I, Schmitt P, Souques M, et al. In vitro assessment of the immunity of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to magnetic fields of 50/60 Hz. Physiol Meas. 2013;34(10):1281-92. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/34/10/1281.
  38. Gercek C, Kourtiche D, Nadi M, Magne I, Schmitt P, Souques M. Computation of pacemaker’s immunity to 50 Hz electric field: Induced voltages 10 times greater in unipolar than in bipolar detection mode. Bioengineering. 2017;4(1):19-34. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering4010019.
  39. Driessen S, Napp A, Schmiedchen K, Kraus T, Stunder D. Electromagnetic interference in cardiac electronic implants caused by novel electrical appliances emitting electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range: a systematic review. Europace. 2019;21(2):219-29. doi: 10.1093/europace/euy155.
  40. Shenoy A, Sharma A, Achamyeleh F. Inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillators discharge related to electrical muscle stimulation in chiropractic therapy: A case report. Cardiol Ther. 2017;6(1):139-43. doi: 10.1007/s40119-017-0086-6.
  41. Yoshida S, Fujiwara K, Kohira S, Hirose M. Electromagnetic interference of implantable cardiac devices from a shoulder massage machine. J Artif Organs. 2014;17(3):243-9. doi: 10.1007/s10047-014-0765-1.
  42. Cronin EM, Gray J, Abi-Saleh B, Wilkoff BL, Levin KH. Safety of repetitive nerve stimulation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Muscle Nerve. 2013;47:840-4. doi: 10.1002/mus.23707.
  43. Ponomarenko GN. Fizicheskaya i reabilitacionnaya medicina: Nacional'noe rukovodstvo [Physical and rehabilitation medicene: National guide]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2015. (in Russ.)
  44. Wu LC, Weng PW, Chen CH, Huang YY, Tsuang YH, Chiang CJ. Literature review and meta-analysis of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in treating chronic back pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(4):425-33. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000740.
  45. Ribatti V, Santini L, Forleo GB, Rocca D, Panattoni G, Scali M, et al. Electromagnetic interference in the current era of cardiac implantable electronic devices designed for magnetic resonance environment. G Ital Cardiol. 2017;18(4):295-304. doi: 10.1714/2683.27472.
  46. Lazarenko NN, Smirnova SN, Trunova OV, Supova MV, Prikuls VF, Filatova EV, et al. The effectiveness of percutaneous electrical stimulation in the treatment of neuropathic and metabolic disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. Russian Journal of the Physial Therapy, Balneotherapy and Rehabilitation. 2016;15(6):293-7. (in Russ.)
  47. Cenik F, Schoberwalter D, Keilani M, Maehr B, Wolzt M, Marhold M, et al. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the thighs in cardiac patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2016;128(21-22):802-8. doi: 10.1007/s10047-014-0765-1.
  48. Gruenwald W, Bhattacharrya M, Jansen D, Reindl L. Electromagnetic analysis, characterization and discussion of inductive transmission parameters for titanium-based housing materials in active medical implantable devices. Materials. 2018;11(11):2089-116. doi: 10.3390/ma11112089.
  49. Lister T, Grant L, Lee SM, Cole RP, Jones A, Taylor T, et al. Electromagnetic interference from lasers and intense light sources in the treatment of patients with artificial pacemakers and other implantable cardiac devices. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(5):1619-22. doi: 10.1007/s10103-013-1470-7.
  50. Bryant HC, Roberts PR, Diprose P. Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. BJA Education. 2016;16(11):388-96. doi: 10.1093/bjaed/mkw020/
  51. Yildiz BS, Findikoglu G, Sanlialp M. A survey of awareness for patients living with cardiac implantable devices. J Int Res Med Pharmaceut Sci. 2016;6(2):76-87. http://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JIRMEPS/article/view/1592.
  52. Malm D, Hallberg LR. Patients’ experiences of daily living with a pacemaker. J Health Psychol. 2016;11(5):787-98. doi: 10.1177/1359105306066642.

Copyright (c) 2019 Eco-Vector


 


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies