Investigation of the formation kinetics of grain boundary inclusions of lead oxide in lead zirconate–titanate films

Abstract

The formation kinetics of disperse inclusions of lead oxide at the grain boundaries in polycrystalline lead zirconate–titanate (LZT) films is analyzed based on the combined solutio of the continuity and material balance equations. Functions of the inclusion distribution over sizes are constructed for various process times. It is shown that lead oxide inclusions in LZT films with a lead excess are aggregated at the grain boundaries with an increase of the temperature and duration of annealing when thermal processing has still not resulted in a substantial lead loss.