卷 43, 编号 12 (2018)

The paper presents an overview of the current marine observational systems which provide primary information for operational monitoring and predicting the variability of the main hydrophysical fields on the scales from several tens to several thousand kilometers (of the order of the Rossby baroclinic deformation radius and higher). Such systems provide the regular implementation of oceanographic and marine meteorological observations, their rapid interpretation and delivery to users; this is a subject of a relatively new discipline, operational oceanology. The active development of this discipline during the recent two decades suggests that the forecasting of the marine environment state will eventually reach the same level of accuracy and reliability as in operational meteorology, a more successful and older discipline.

The study considered two- and three-dimensional models used to compute the Baltic Sea level. It is demonstrated for three floods that the BALT-P three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and the INMOM three-dimensional hydrothermodynamics model successfully simulate extreme sea level fluctuations during the floods in Saint Petersburg. To simulate extreme sea level fluctuations in the Baltic Sea, it is appropriate to use the BALT-P model which requires less input information. The analysis of simulation data for the considered cases reveals that the reason for the occurrence of the second flood maximum is the excitation of the wind-induced fundamental single-node seiche of the Baltic Sea.

The simulation the most extreme surges over the period of instrumental observations in the Taganrog Bay since 1881, the surges occurred on March 24, 2013 and September 24, 2014. The objective of the simulation is to study surge formation features and to reveal requirements for the accuracy of simulating atmospheric and oceanic circulation in the Sea of Azov. For this purpose, the Institute of Numerical Mathematics Ocean Model (INMOM) with the spatial resolution of ~4 km and ~250 m was used. The atmospheric forcing over the Black Sea region was specified using ERA-Interim reanalysis data and WRF model data with the spatial resolution of 80 and 10 km, respectively. It is shown that the quality of simulation of extreme surges in the Sea of Azov is more dependent on the quality of the input atmospheric forcing than on the spatial resolution of the ocean circulation model. The usage of WRF data as atmospheric forcing allows the more accurate simulation of extreme surges. However, the simulation of the extreme surge of 2014 overestimates, and simulations for the 2013 surge underestimate the surge level. Evidently, as the used version of INMOM does not take into account the coastal zone flooding, the maximum surge value is overestimated.

The study presents the results of long-term monitoring of wind waves was carried out on the offshore fixed gas production platform in the northwestern part of the Black Sea in 1995–2011. The analysis of more than 31000 wave records provided reliable statistical characteristics of wind waves in the analyzed region. It was found that the maximum wave height reached 4.8 m in summer and 8.76 m in winter. The maximum hourly wave height exceeds significant wave height by 1.9 times in the vast majority of cases. The method of annual maxima revealed that in the Karkinit Bay the maximum wave height with the return period of 50 years is equal to 9.2 m.

The features of sea ice drift in the Sea ofOkhotsk are studied using Terra and Aqua satellite MODIS spectroradiometer data. The spatial heterogeneity of sea ice drift in the areas of hydrocarbon fields on the Magadan and Sakhalin shelves is analyzed.

The review is compiled on the basis of the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system that covers Russia and adjoining territories and functions in the operational mode at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers being under the methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of the system functioning is operationally controlled based on the OMI satellite equipment observations (NASA, USA). Basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the third quarter of 2018 and for the third quarter as a whole. The data of routine observations of surface ozone values in the Moscow region, Crimea, and on the Kola Peninsula are also considered.