Том 44, № 2 (2019)

The Earth system models have been actively developed during recent decades. They integrate the blocks describing the dynamics of the atmosphere, the ocean and the cryosphere. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) is one of the most important components of the Earth’s cryosphere. Therefore, the incorporation of the AIS model into the Earth system model will significantly improve the accuracy of reconstructions of climate parameters for paleoclimate studies and for climate predictions. This paper presents a description of the energy balance block of the AIS model. This is a continuation of our recent work on integration of the cryosphere block to the climate model. The testing of the block (the EWBM-A buffer model) was carried out using the climate data generated by the INMCM model developed in the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of RAS. The results of the calculations of the surface mass balance components of the Antarctic ice sheet are presented for the 30-year pre-industrial period and are compared with the recent results obtained in the literature.

The comparison of modern climate models with reanalysis and observational data indicates significant success in general atmospheric circulation modeling and reveals the problems of climate simulation for some regions which are often associated with errors in the modeling of the vertical troposphere structure. The results of simulation of inversions and low- and upper-level tropospheric jet streams in Russia were analyzed and verified using the INMCM climate model based on radiosonde data. It is shown that the model accurately reproduces the frequency of inversions and jet streams in various regions of Russia. At the same time, climatology of such characteristics as surface inversion fraction, jet stream height, and some others is simulated less accurately, and the verification results vary greatly for different points. It is demonstrated that the INM-CM5.0 model can be successfully used to assess possible changes in the Novorossiysk bora based on the link between the large-scale flow and the bora frequency.

The numerical modeling of the sea ice-ocean-atmosphere system microwave radiation for the characteristics of AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2) measurement channels is applied to substantiate the weather filters’ usage in the algorithms for sea ice concentration (SIC) retrievals from AMSR2 data. It is shown that the weather filter performance depends not only on atmospheric parameters but also on the type of the geophysical model function (GMF) used to parameterize the ocean emission dependence on surface wind speed (SWS). The analysis of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar along with SWS and SIC satellite products reveals that the SIC of spurious sea ice increases proportionally to SWS and exceeds 50% under conditions of storm winds with SWS > 25 m/s.

The use of GIS technologies for modeling the spatial distribution of snow cover in spring is considered. The authors developed a method for the snowmelt calculation by the example of the Votkinsk Reservoir catchment area. It is proposed to take into account the uneven distribution of snow cover across the catchment depending on the terrain features. The paper estimates how the raster cell size variation affects the displaying the modeling results of the spatial distribution of snow cover.

Based on observational data from 25 weather stations for the period of 1936–2013, the statistical structure, intensity, and duration of frosts as well as the dynamics of the number of frost days in the mountain regions of Georgia are investigated. The continuous duration of frosts, the time of the occurrence, the frequency of different gradations of the number of frost days, and the regularities of their long-term variations are revealed.

The review is compiled on the basis of the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring in the CIS and Baltic countries functioning in the operational mode at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers being under the methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of the entire system functioning is operationally controlled in CAO based on the OMI satellite equipment observations (NASA, USA). Basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the fourth quarter of 2018, for the fourth quarter, and for the whole year. Data of routine observations of surface ozone values in the Moscow region, Crimea, and on the Kola Peninsula are also considered.