High-Speed Semiconductor Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Optical Data-Transmission Systems (Review)
- Authors: Sakharov A.V.1, Ustinov V.M.1,2,3, Blokhin S.A.1, Maleev N.A.1,4, Bobrov M.A.1, Kuzmenkov A.G.1,2
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Affiliations:
- Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
- Submicron Heterostructures for Microelectronics Research and Engineering Center
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
- St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
- Issue: Vol 44, No 1 (2018)
- Pages: 1-16
- Section: Near-IR Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (Special Issue)
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/1063-7850/article/view/207065
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785018010054
- ID: 207065
Cite item
Abstract
The main problems of providing a high-speed operation semiconductor lasers with a vertical microcavity (so-called “vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers”) under amplitude modulation and ways to solve them have been considered. The influence of the internal properties of the radiating active region and the electrical parasitic elements of the equivalent circuit of lasers are discussed. An overview of approaches that lead to an increase of the cutoff parasitic frequency, an increase of the differential gain of the active region, the possibility of the management of mode emission composition and the lifetime of photons in the optical microcavities, and reduction of the influence of thermal effects have been presented. The achieved level of modulation bandwidth of ∼30 GHz is close to the maximum achievable for the classical scheme of the direct-current modulation, which makes it necessary to use a multilevel modulation format to further increase the information capacity of optical channels constructed on the basis of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.
About the authors
A. V. Sakharov
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021
V. M. Ustinov
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Submicron Heterostructures for Microelectronics Research and Engineering Center; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021; St. Petersburg, 194021; St. Petersburg, 195251
S. A. Blokhin
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
Author for correspondence.
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021
N. A. Maleev
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021; St. Petersburg, 197022
M. A. Bobrov
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021
A. G. Kuzmenkov
Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; Submicron Heterostructures for Microelectronics Research and Engineering Center
Email: blokh@mail.ioffe.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 194021; St. Petersburg, 194021