The Muon Puzzle in High-Energy Air Showers


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Abstract

The Muon Puzzle is a long-standing issue in the observation of high-energy cosmic rays. In 2018, eight leading air shower experiments combined their data on muons in high-energy air showers and established the existence of an energy-dependent offset with a significance of 8σ. The muon abundance is an important indicator for the cosmic ray mass. The Muon Puzzle needs to be solved to infer the cosmic-ray mass composition unambiguously. It also presents a unique opportunity to learn more about nonperturbative QCD in hadron—nucleus collisions. We will review the status of the Muon Puzzle and discuss an outlook for the future.

About the authors

H. P. Dembinski

Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics

Author for correspondence.
Email: hdembins@mpi-hd.mpg.de
Germany, Heidelberg

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