ISSN (print): 1063-7745, ISSN (online): 1562-689X Editor-in-Chief: Alexey E. Voloshin Publisher: Pleiades Publishing Indexed in: RUS White List (level 2), Scopus, Web of Science (SCIE)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis of Rubidium trans-Bis(N-methyliminodiacetato)chromate(III)
A new rubidium salt, Rb[Cr(C5H7NO4)2] (C5H7NO4 = mida, methyliminodiacetate), was prepared and its molecular structure was determined from synchrotron X-ray data at 173 K. The complex crystallizes in the space group C2/c of the monoclinic system with four mononuclear formula units in a cell with dimensions a = 16.905(3) Å, b = 6.483(2) Å, c = 13.906(3) Å, and β = 113.95(3)°. The Cr atom is located in a center of symmetry with one independent Cr–N bond length of 2.081(2) Å and two Cr–O bond lengths of 1.9534(18) and 1.9628(18) Å. The Cr(III) ion is coordinated by two N atoms and four O atoms of symmetrical-facial mida ligands, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. Hirshfeld surface analysis with 2D fingerprint plots revealed that the O···H, H···H, and O···Rb interactions are the main intermolecular interactions. The crystal structure is stabilized by the O···H, H···H, and O···Rb interactions among rubidium cation, the H atoms and the O atoms of carboxylate group from neighboring mida groups.
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A New Coordination Polymer Based on Citric Acid Containing 1D [Ag]∞ Chain with Strong Ag–Ag Bonding Interaction
A new polynuclear silver complex Ag6(W2O5)(Cid)2 based on citric acid is obtained by hydrothermal method and studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction compound The compound crystallizes in triclinic space group P\(\bar {1}\), Z = 1. The structure solution is complicated by two component non-merohedral twinning. The structure feature is a 3D framework containing 1D infinite [Ag]∞ chains. Ag atoms are connected by metal–metal bonding interaction with the Ag–Ag distances of 2.849(3)–3.218(2) Å.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Organic-Inorganic Isopolyoxomolybdate-Based Hybrid (C6N6)4[H4Mo8O26]
A novel polyoxomolybdate-based organic-inorganic hybrid compound, (C6H6)4[H4Mo8O26], has been synthesized hydrothermally and characterized structurally by the elemental analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopies, and cyclic voltammetry. Crystallographic data for the compound are: triclinic system, space group \(P\mathop 1\limits^\_ \), unit cell parameters a = 9.605(2) Å, b = 9.991(3) Å, c = 10.718(3) Å, α = 83.75(2)°, β = 76.45(3)°, γ = 69.07(3)°, Z = 1. The crystal consists of the clusters β-[Mo8O26]4– and four organic molecules C6H6. Isopolymolybdate anions are connected with the organic molecules via a complex hydrogen-bonded network, which generate a three-dimensional framework.
Crystal Structures of 2-Chloro-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione and 2-Chloro-3-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione
2-Chloro-3-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione (1) and 2-chloro-3-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)naphthalene-1,4-dione (2) were obtained according to the method reported previously. The crystal structures of both compounds were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The molecules are non-planar: torsion angles around the N–C(naphthoquinone) bond are 32.62° and 30.61° for 1 and 2, respectively. In both crystals, hydrogen bonds N–H···O and N–H···Cl exist.
A One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Based on 1H-Benzimidazole-2-methanol
A coordination polymer, [CuL]n (HL = 1H-benzimidazole-2-methanol), has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex (C8H7CuN2O) crystallizes in orthorhombic sp. gr. Pbca with a = 11.3962(13) Å, b = 9.3779(10) Å, c = 13.7003(15) Å, Z = 8. In the complex, the Cu+ ions and the coordination anion L– are connected with each other to form a series of 1D CuL chains, which are further linked through interchain weak interactions (anagostic interaction and O···π interaction) to generate a wave-shaped 3D supramolecular coordination network. The agostic bond O–H⇀Cu+ between the Cu+ ion and the hydroxyl group in coordination anion L– with the H–Cu+ bond length of 1.952 Å and the O1–H1–Cu1 bond angle of 140.05(1)° is observed.
Co-Crystal of Phenylsuccinic Acid and 4,4'-Bipyridine: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure, and Supramolecular Interactions
A new co-crystal compound of 4,4'-bipyridine and phenylsuccinic acid was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Crystallographic data for the compound was collected at 150(2) K. The synthesized compound is crystallized in the monoclinic system with the space group P21/n and unit cell parameters a = 9.3668(4), b = 18.5075(9), c = 11.1156(5) Å, β = 113.892(2)°. Complicated hydrogen bonding network (O–H···N, C–H···O) accompanied with the C–H···π stacking interaction leads to the formation of 3D supramolecular structure.
Crystal Structure of 1,5-Dimethyl-4-(2-oxo-1,2-diphenyl-ethylidene amino)-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one
The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The structure was solved by direct method and refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to a final R-value of 0.0441 for 2755 observed reflections. In the molecule, the plane of ethylideneamino moiety forms dihedral angles of 22.37° with the mean plane of pyrazolone ring and 72.23° with the plane of carbonyl group. Pyrazolone cycle has the envelope conformation with asymmetry parameter ∆CS(N1) = 0.65. The structure is stabilized by C–H···O and C–H···π intermolecular interactions.
Crystal Structure of 3-[1-(4-Methylphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-4-azaphenanthren-3-yl]benzo[f]coumarin
The crystal structure of the title compound is determined by single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The structure was solved by direct method and refined to a final R-value of 0.0469 for 2826 observed reflections. The benzocoumarin ring system is planar. The central ring of 4-azaphenantrene moiety has a half chair conformation, phenyl substituent forms dihedral angle of 56.46° with the mean plane of 4-azaphenantrene system. The coumarin system is rotated relative to the latter by 15.48(2)°. This orientation is stabilized by two weak intramolecular C–H···N hydrogen bonds.
Crystal Structure of 5-Butoxy-4-((3-butoxyphenyl)diazenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole
New azo-pyrazolone derivative, 5-butoxy-4-((3-butoxyphenyl) diazenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole, C24H30N4O2, is synthesized, and its crystal structure is determined by X-ray structure analysis. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic sp. gr. \(P\bar {1}\) with the unit cell parameters a = 5.4058(4), b = 11.4718(8), c = 18.4202(12) Å, α = 98.767(6)°, β = 95.432(5)°, γ = 90.253(6)°, Z = 2.
Three Cu(II) Complexes Constructed by Flexible bis-Imidazole and Different Anions: From 0D Architecture to 2D Layer
Three new Cu(II) complexes, Cu(1,3-bip)(Ac)2 (I), {[Cu(H2O)2(1,3-bip)2] · (NO3)2}n (II), {[Cu(1,3-bip)(1,4-bdc)]2 · H2O · MeOH}n (III), where 1,3-bip is 1,3-bis(imidazole)propane and 1,4-bdc is terephthalic acid, have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the complex I shows a zero-dimensional architecture, the complex II shows a one-dimensional loop-like chain, and the complex III shows a two-dimensional (4,4) grid layer structure. In addition, the thermal stability of complexes was investigated.
Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure and Characterization of N-Benzylmethylammonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
The title compound, C9H12NO3F3S, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 4, The structure is stabilized by N–H···O and C–H···F hydrogen-bonds forming a three-dimensional network.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Two Tetra-Coordinated Co(II) Complexes with Benzimidazole Derivatives
Two mononuclear tetra-coordinated cobalt(II) complexes with molecular formula [Co(L)2(SCN)2] (L = 1-methylbenzimidazole (mbim), 1; L = 1-methyl-2-aminobenzimidazole (mabim), 2) were prepared and characterized by IR, EA, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The central Co(II) ion is tetrahedrally coordinated by two nitrogen atoms of benzimidazole-based ligands and two nitrogen atoms of two thiocyanato ligands. In the crystal structure of 1 and 2, molecules are linked through intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π···π interactions forming a 3D network.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Cobalt Coordination Polymer with Formate and Bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone Ligands
A cobalt coordination polymer, {[Co(L1)2(H2O)2] · (HCOO)2 · H2O}n, where L1 is a bis(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanone, has been synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal crystallizes in the triclinic sp. gr. \(P\bar {1}\) with the unit cell parameters a = 7.9504(6), b = 10.0231(7), c = 13.3129(8) Å, and α = 88.399(5)°, β = 75.310(6)°, γ = 79.179(6)°, Z = 1. The Co2+ ion has a distorted octahedral environment with two O atoms from two water molecules and four N atoms from four L1 ligands. A thermal stability of polymer has been discussed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescence of a Zinc Coordination Polymer Based on Bis(4-(2'-methylimidazol)phenyl)sulfone and 4-Nitrophthalate Ligands
A zinc coordination polymer with V-shaped ligands, [L1Zn(npa)]n (L1 = bis(4-(2'-methylimidazol)phenyl)sulfone, H2npa = 4-nitrophthalic acid) has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and characterized by IR spectra, and elemental analyses. In crystal adjacent [Zn2(npa)2] units linked by four bridging ligands L1 form 2D layers, which are entangled between each other giving inclined interpenetration with the angle of 52.9°, thus resulting in a complicated 3D unique network. Moreover, luminescent properties of the title compound have been investigated.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Antibacterial Activity of Di-μ-chlorido-bis({2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-iminomethyl]pyridine-κ2N,N'] Mercury(II)
A coordination polymer [Hg(L)Cl2]n consisting of HgCl2 and Schiff base bidentate ligand (4-methoxyphenyl) pyridine-2yl methyleneamine (L) was prepared and structurally characterized. Coordination compound has been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic sp. gr. P21/c with a = 9.3053(17), b = 7.1125(13), c = 20.708(4) Å, and β = 80.208(4)°. In the 1D network structure, the mercury(II) ion adopts a HgN2Cl3 distorted square pyramid geometry. In this complex, one chlorine atom acts as bridging ligand connecting two adjacent mercury(II) ions, while the L ligand is coordinated to mercury(II) ion in a cyclic-bidentate fashion forming a five-membered metallocyclic ring. Antibacterial activity of the complex, ligand, and metal salt was tested against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli.
Synthesis and Characterization of Co(II) Coordination Polymer with a Flexible Bidentate Ligand
A coordination polymer, {[Co(bib)3](BF4)2}n, was prepared for the first time at room temperature via the reaction between cobalt(II) chloride and flexible linker ligand, 1,4-bis(imidazolyl)butane (bib), in the presence of sodium tetrafluoroborate using a three layers method. The compound was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the triclinic sp. gr. \(P\bar {1}\) with the unit cell parameters a = 9.8124(2), b = 22.1804(4), c = 26.9233(5) Å and α = 71.910(2)°, β = 89.418(2)°, γ = 86.992(2)°. In the polymeric structure of the compound, the cobalt(II) ions have the CoN6 octahedral geometry and six bib-ligands are coordinated to one metal ion to form an open 3D 2-fold interpenetrated framework (α-polonium-type net, pcu).
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Benzyl N'-[[2-(hydroxy-kO)phenyl]ethylene]-N-[[2-(hydroxy-kO)phenyl]methylene]-carbamohydrazonothioato-kN,kN']-ethanol-dioxido-uranium
The uranyl compound UO2(L')EtOH (L' = benzyl N-(2-(oxidanyl)benzylidene)-N'-((2-(1-oxidanyl)phenyl)ethylidene) carbamohydrazonothioate) was synthesized and its molecular and crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic sp. gr. P\(\bar {1}\), Z = 2. The coordination geometry about the uranium atom is distorted pentagonal bipyramidal consisting of a UO2O4N2 polyhedron where the oxido ligands occupy axial positions with a symmetric linear structure (O=U=O angle = 179.11(12)°). The pentagonal plane (N2O3) is formed by the dinegative, tetradentate Schiff base ligand (N2O2) and the oxygen atom of the coordinated alcohol ligand. In the complex, the ligand adopts a propeller-like conformation.
Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescent Properties of a Cadmium(II) Supramolecular Coordination Complex
A new supramolecular complex [Cd(dcbpy)(im)2(H2O)2] · 3H2O (H2dcbpy = 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine, im = imidazole) has been prepared under hydrothermal conditions. Its crystal structure is determined with single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cd2+ atom is six-coordinated by one dcbpy ligand, two imidazole and two water molecules. Each [Cd(dcbpy)(im)2(H2O)2] unit is connected to neighboring units through intermolecular O–H···O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional supramolecular network structure. A topology method has been used to simplify the network. The stability and luminescent properties of the complex obtained have been investigated.
Crystal Structure of Zinc(II) Complexes with 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-thione and 2-Ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-selenone
Zn(II) complexes with 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-thione, [Zn(ehpt)2], and 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-selenone, [Zn(ehps)2], were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes are isostructural, crystallize in sp. gr. P21/n with Z = 4. The Zn2+ ion has a distorted tetrahedral coordination with two S or Se atoms and two O atoms from ehpt or ehps, respectively. In vitro, insulin-mimetic activities of [Zn(ehpt)2] and [Zn(ehps)2] are much higher than that of Zn complex with maltol, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, [Zn(hmpo)2]}, where Zn coordination is completed by H2O molecules. It suggests that Zn complexes with distorted tetrahedral coordination might exhibit higher insulin-mimetic activities than those with octahedral or square pyramidal coordination.
Crystal Structure and Molecular Conformational Studies of Allyl 6-Amino-5-cyano-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate
The allyl 6-amino-5-cyano-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-4H-pyran-3-carboxylate, C17H15FN2O3, compound adopts a triclinic crystal system with the sp. gr. \(P\bar {1}\), Z = 2. The 4H-pyran ring adopts a boat conformation with their respective parameters (Q = 0.2384(26) Å, θ = 99.46(65)°, Φ = 10.3(7)°). The fluorophenyl ring is essentially planar. The dihedral angle between fluorophenyl and pyran rings is found to be 85.81(15)°. The structure is stabilized by intermolecular interaction. The N–H···N and N–H···O interactions form a graph set motifs of R\(_{2}^{2}\) (12) and R\(_{4}^{2}\) (20), respectively.
Crystallization and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Salmonella Invasion Protein D (SipD), Insight Tip Component of Salmonella typhi Type III Secretion System
Many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria including Salmonella typhi utilize type III secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject bacterial proteins into host cells and to initiate infections. One of the essential components of the T3SS is the tip protein known as SipD, translocon component via the type III secretion system SPI-1. Here, recombinant SipD is produced and crystallized; the details of cloning, expression, and crystallization are reported. Crystals of SipD are obtained by sitting-drop vapour diffusion method. X-ray diffraction data are collected up to 3.8 Å resolution. Single crystals belong to the monoclinic sp. gr. P2; unit-cell parameters: a = 70.86, b = 103.70, c = 89.28 Å, β = 107.63°.
Expression, Purification, Crystallization and X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of MoDabb1 from Magnaporthe oryzae
Protein acetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications. Many acetylated proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae play key roles in vegetative growth and pathogenicity. MoDabb1 from M. oryzae was also identified to be an acetylated protein, containing a Dabb domain with unknown function. To elucidate the function of this protein and the effect of acetylation on this protein, a native and selenomethionine-substituted MoDabb1 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Crystals were obtained using sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. Crystals of native and selenomethionine-substituted protein were diffracted to a resolution of 1.74 and 1.98 Å and both belonged to the sp. gr. P42212. Matthews coefficient analysis indicated two molecules in an asymmetric unit with a Vm value of 2.41 and a corresponding solvent content of 49.03%.
Sortases from a Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: Cloning, Expression, Purification, Crystallization and Preliminary X-Ray Diffraction Study
Sortases are membrane-associated cysteine transpeptidases found mainly in Gram-positive bacteria. They have been intensely studied in pathogenic strains as they play a key role in covalent attachment of various virulence-associated surface proteins including pili to the cell wall and also in biogenesis of pili. The recent identification of sortase genes in some members of gut microbiota indicates their likely role in establishing interaction with the human gastrointestinal tract for probiotic traits. While the structural information about sortases thus far is limited to pathogenic bacteria, here we have the produced recombinant form of housekeeping (SrtA) and pilin-specific (SrtC1) sortases from gut-adapted probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and crystallized them. The crystals of SrtA and SrtC1 diffracted to a resolution of 1.9 Å and belonged to monoclinic and tetragonal crystal forms respectively.
Purification, Crystallization and Crystallographic Analysis of HLA-B*15:02 Complexed with an Endogenous Peptide
The drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DHS) caused by immune response to the drug is one of the major categories of adverse drug reactions. It has been demonstrated that DHSs involve an interaction of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also known as the HLA in humans) molecules, T-cell receptors, and drugs. It has been also shown that some of the most common DHS diseases are strongly associated with certain HLA allotypes. Crystallographic studies are needed to elucidate the structural bases of HLA-drug associations and their biological roles in diverse DHSs. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug and it could cause serious hypersensitivity reactions. A nearly 100% association of HLA-B*15:02 with CBZ-induced DHS suggests that the HLA-B*15:02 is a central participant in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, recombinant HLA-B*15:02 was co-crystallized with an endogenous peptide. Crystals belong to the trigonal space group P1, with the unit-cell parameters a = 71.89, b = 75.81, c = 88.47 Å, α = 97.28°, β = 90.43°, γ = 92.25°. Preliminary analysis indicates that the asymmetric unit contains four molecules of HLA-B*15:02 complexed with peptide and has a solvent content of about 49%.
Crystal Structure of Urate Oxidase from Bacillus Subtilis 168
Urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidative degradation of uric acid to allantoin via peroxide formation by a radical recombination mechanism. Here the crystal structure of urate oxidase (residues 4-310) from Bacillus subtilis 168 (BsUOX) was solved at 2.6 Å resolution. Both crystal structure and small angle X-ray scattering data confirmed that the BsUOX adopts a tetrameric conformation. Comparative analysis of BsUOX structure alignment with crystal structure of urate oxidase complexed with uric acid from Aspergillus flavus (PDB entry 4D12) showed some conserved BsUOX amino acid residues, Thr69, Ser243, Gln245, and Asn271, in the active site region that can potentially bind uric acid. Residues Ile244 and Gln299 are also predicted to interact with the uric acid via hydrophobic interactions but needs further confirmation. This work will be helpful for further functional and biochemical studies of the enzyme for future drug design and development against gout and hyperuricemia.
On the Change in the Form and Parameters of Silicon Compression Curves under Temperature and Electric Current Impacts
Uniaxial compression of n-type silicon under joint impact of temperature and constant electric current revealed a significant increase in its plasticity in comparison with the deformation performed only at high temperatures. The electrical conductivity of n-Si samples is found to increase with a rise in plastic deformation. The surface microstructures of deformed samples are studied, and possible explanation of the observed effects is proposed.
Nonlinear Optical Crystals for Second Harmonic Generation
Some important nonlinear optical crystal families in three spectral regions (DUV-FIR) have been discussed with reference to their anionic groups. In the M–F–IR region iodides and chalcopyrite-type compound, in the Vis-NIR region sillenites, perovskites and KTP families and in the DUV region borate compound have been investigated. Their important optical and structural factors have been presented. As moderate birefringence increases phase matching wavelength range, the birefringence measurement has been described in more detail. Recent research has focused on optimizing the structure for obtaining high-LDT crystals in the M–F–IR region and removing the layering structure to achieve large-sized crystals in the DUV region. The entry of small ions in the first case and the replacement of stronger interlayer ions such as Ba and Sr, which have a stronger bond with double layer in the second case, are the solutions presented. Combination of two polarized structure units in such a way to make constructive superposition is followed to rise SHG efficiency. The crystals with 3D network are promising for large size growth.
Studies of Morphology and Size of Calcium Carbonate Crystals Nucleating on Surfaces of Various Materials
The effects of material surface characteristics on the morphology and size of calcium carbonate crystals nucleating under cold wall pipe flow conditions were studied. We found that high surface energy materials could accelerate the conversion of crystals from vaterite to calcite, and the crystal size increased. Aragonite was found to be absent throughout the experiment. The deposition of calcium carbonate crystals is a layer-over-layer formation process. In the initial deposition period, the crystals are large and continue to grow until covering the material surface. At subsequent stages, the crystals forming on the existing fouling become much smaller. Studying the influence of material surface on the morphology and size of calcium carbonate crystals is important both for the reasonable selection of industrial materials and for the synthesis of calcium carbonate crystals with certain morphology and size.
Effect of Ethanol on the Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO Based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
In this study, ZnO particles were grown at different ethanol–water concentrations by using a simple hydrothermal method at 97°C. The changes in structure and morphology of particles were investigated by varying the ethanol concentration. Scanning electron microscope images indicated that ethanol concentration was the main factor affecting the morphology and size of the ZnO particles. X-ray diffractometer pattern showed that crystal structures of the ZnO particles changed with the change in ethanol concentration of the starting solution. Zinc hydroxide phases rather than zinc oxide phases were found in ethanol-rich solutions during hydrothermal synthesis. Photovoltaic properties of the as-synthesized ZnO nanocrystals, as photoanode materials, were tested in dye-sensitized solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated using a natural black carrot dye, and the performances of these cells were investigated for the electrode materials produced at different ethanol–water concentrations. The best solar energy conversion was obtained with ZnO electrodes fabricated at 100% ethanol concentration.