Homology of Genes Controlling Architectonics of Vegetative and Generative Organs in Barley and Rice and Their Application for Wheat Biodiversity Expansion and Breeding

Resumo

Currently developed strategies for efficiently expanding the diversity of cultivated plant species and for producing a promising breeding material are based on the extensive use of previously unclaimed traits and properties, especially associated with changes in the “standard” architectonics of vegetative and generative plant organs, as well as the genes controlling their penetrance. Such an approach of producing highly adaptive, stress-resistant cultivars of a new generation through the use of wider genetic diversity and diversification of cultivars is especially attractive for providing food security of the country. At the same time, the genes (other than in wheat) controlling a specific architectonics are included in the breeding of other cereals that are more well studied molecular genetically than wheat. In the review, one of the promising ways, which consists in the use of information on architectonics in well-studied cereals widely cultivated in the Old World, such as rice, barley, and model objects (including the Arabidopsis), and the search for homologous genes in wheat and the possibility of their transfer by modern molecular biological methods, is considered. The ana-lysis of information made it possible to identify the homologous genes (orthologs) of the architectonics described in barley and rice that are useful and promising to change the standard architectonics of widely cultivated wheat species.