Том 55, № 4 (2019)

C57black/6J female mice were fed an isocaloric diet with excess fat, fructose, cholesterol, or combinations of them for 62 days. In their liver, the differential expression of 30 003 genes was studied by full-chip transcriptional profiling on an Agilent One-Color Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis Low Input Quick Amp Labeling, version 6.8, and the relative levels of mRNA for the genes Gpr19, P2ry12, Gnb1, Csf2rb, Gm38450, Pgm3, Prom2, and Adgrv1 were also evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. To determine the metabolic pathways (KEGG), which are the targets of the applied dietary influences, we analyzed the transcriptome data by bioinformatics methods in the R programming environment. We revealed a specific effect of experimental diets on the metabolic pathways of JAK-STAT and MAPK kinases, VEGF and TOR signaling pathways, and a family of transcription factors PPAR. It reflects the changes occurring in the liver in intracellular signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. The consequences of such changes may be the development of insulin resistance and fatty hepatosis. For the first time, we revealed experimentally a specific effect of all kinds of diets on metabolic pathways of amino acid metabolism of aspartate, glutamate, alanine, proline, histidine, and arginine. Using real-time RT-PCR, we analyzed the samples derived from the groups of animals that received excess fat with fructose or cholesterol. We detected the coordinated changes in expression levels of the Gpr19, Adgrv1, and Csf2rb genes, reflecting the integrated shifts in the cytokine production profiles and the neurohormonal regulation of metabolic processes.

Intraspecific genetic polymorphism of leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. was evaluated on the basis of the virulence, microsatellite loci (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of isolates collected in Southern Dagestan from species of Triticum L. sp. and Aegilops L. sp. Existence of pathogen population differentiation according to the results of virulence and microsatellite analysis indicates the existence of several genetically differing groups of isolates within the Derbent population. Derbent isolates and reference isolates of P. triticina from durum and common wheat that originated from different countries were characterized by a high degree of phylogenetic relationship by SNP markers. Ethiopian durum isolates in contrast were separated in a single clade.

In interspecific hybrids a decrease in genetic exchanges between chromosomes from different species and negative interactions between functionally incompatible loci limit genetic variation among the progeny. Earlier the fraction of crossover genotypes was increased in intraspecific hybrids of the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum with the expression of the recA Escherichia coli gene. In this research transgenic hybrids between S. lycopersicum and some wild tomato species were obtained in order to study the effect of recA gene expression on the frequency of crossovers in the progeny of interspecific hybrids. Interspecific hybrids showed negative interactions between the loci of the cultivated tomato and the S. cheesmaniae, S. pimpinellifolium, and S. habrochaites species. In the latter case it resulted in semilethal necrosis. The recA gene expression in interspecific hybrids with S. cheesmaniae partially compensates among the F₂ progeny the deficiency of recessive genotypes at the Wv:wv locus of chromosome 2. In general, the fractions of crossover genotypes in the F₂ progeny were higher in transgenic interspecific hybrids than in control non-transgenic hybrids of the same combination of crossing, but lower than in intraspecific S. lycopersicum hybrids.

Analysis of the frequencies of karyotypic variants in the hybrid zone between the Sok and Serov chromosomal races of the common shrew Sorex araneus revealed that the zone has a complex configuration. A large part of the contact zone is located in a monotonous mid taiga zone, where there are no significant barriers to limit dispersion of shrews. Another part of the zone runs along the Pechora River (Komi Republic). Analysis of distribution of the diagnostic chromosomes on a transect along the Pechora River showed that the hybrid zone could be described by opposing metacentric clines. Individuals of both pure Sok and Serov races, as well as F₁ hybrids, were found only on the left bank of the Pechora River. The right bank was occupied only by the Serov race, and F₁ hybrids were rare there. The observed number of interracial hybrids in the center of the zone does not differ from that expected in the case of random breeding. This allows us to define this zone as unimodal. The standard width of the zone is about 40 km. This is considerably higher than all known cases of hybrid zones with the same level of karyotypic differences between parental races: two pairs of diagnostic metacentric chromosomes with monobrachial homology. We discuss possible causes of this phenomenon.

BoLA-A and BoLA-DRB3 are in class I and II genes of bovine lymphocyte antigen of immune system respectively which cattle express per haplotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship of BoLA-A and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphisms with clinical mastitis disease using SSCP technique. In the current study, blood sampling was carried out from Holstein cattle (n = 50 susceptible and n = 50 resistant to clinical mastitis) and a random sampling was conducted from Iranian native cattle (Sarabi; n = 50). Amplification of exon 2 of BoLA-DRB3 and BoLA-A genes by specific primers was used for SSCP technique. SSCP technique successfully able to detect some pattern is related to clinical mastitis disease in BoLA-DRB3.2 region as well as genotype pattern of C was observed significantly (P < 0.05) in susceptible Holstein cattle in compared to others pattern. Also, B and Q genotypes patterns of SSCP were detected only in susceptible cattle. Also, SSCP results were showed 17 genotypes pattern in Holstein and 17 different genotypes pattern in Sarabi cattle in BoLA-DRB3.2 gene. Thus, our finding indicated that Sarabi breed comprises completely different allelic in the BoLA-DRB3.2 region compared to Holstein breed. Moreover, results of this study revealed that exon 2 of BoLA-A showed lack of polymorphism in both studied breed. This is the first study on characterization of exon 2 of BoLA-A‎gene using SSCP technique in bovine.‎

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic progressive disease of nervous system caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors leading to the development of a complex of autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes. We performed the analysis of association between multiple sclerosis and polymorphic markers of interleukin-2 (IL2), interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL2A) and interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) in the group of Russians, Tatars, and Bashkirs from the Republic of Bashkortostan (N = 1620). In the total study group, we detected the association of IL7R rs10624573*I (OR = 0.79, P_Bonf = 0.018) and rs1494558*T (OR = 1.44, P_Bonf = 2.33 × 10^–4) variants with multiple sclerosis. When analyzed separately according to the ethnic origin, the association with IL7R rs1494558*T (OR = 1.49, P_Bonf = 0.005) remained significant in the group of Russians, and the association of IL7R rs10624573*I remained significant in the group of Bashkirs (OR = 0.56, P_Bonf = 0.02). We performed the multilocus analysis of association using the APSampler algorithm, and found seven combinations of the alleles and/or genotypes of the studied polymorphic loci, significantly associated with multiple sclerosis, most frequently including IL7R rs1494558 and IL7R rs10624573 allelic variants.

A model of weak viability selection at two diallelic loci with standardization of approaches through the use of perturbation theory is examined. The estimate of the quasi-equilibrium value for the linkage disequilibrium coefficient D is analyzed, and results in terms of average effects in quantitative genetics and in terms of the theory of singular perturbations in mathematics are obtained. The approximation of a discrete-time model of a random mating population with non-overlapping generations under weak selection by ordinary differential equations is considered. Weak selection is considered as a perturbation of the model without selection. The resulting model is singularly perturbed; that is, fast (D) and slow (allele frequencies) variables can be distinguished. The first approximation equation for quasi-equilibrium of D is obtained using the first terms of the Taylor series expansion of the model functions. It coincides with the corresponding part of the system of the first approximation of the asymptotic series for solving singularly perturbed equations. The first approximation for quasi-equilibrium of D is D* = ε(p)\(\frac{\mu }{r}\)x(1 – x) y(1 – y), ε(p) ≡ v₁₁(p) – v₁₂(p) – v₂₁(p) + v₂₂(p), where μ is the intensity of selection, r is the recombination coefficient, ε(p) is the index of epistasis nonadditivity for the viabilities \({{{v}}_{{{{i}_{{\text{1}}}}{{i}_{{\text{2}}}}}}}\), x and y are the allele frequencies of the first and second locus, respectively. The evolution of a nonequilibrium state of the population actually takes place at quasi-equilibrium (as the result of the stage of fast variable D dynamics) and current values of slow x, y.

The effect of the following insulin signaling pathway genes on carbohydrate content under normal and heat stress conditions in Drosophila melanogaster females is studied: transcription factor Forkhead box class O (dfoxo) and insulin-like peptide DILP6 (dilp6), which is synthesized in the fat body. The hypomorphic mutations dilp6⁴¹ and foxo^BG01018 are shown to result in an increase in glucose and trehalose levels under normal conditions. For the first time, a sharp decline in the expression level of dilp6 and dfoxo genes caused by these mutations is demonstrated not to prevent the increase in the levels of both sugars under heat stress, but reduce the intensity of this response.