Secondary-Phase Formation in Spinel-Type LiMn2O4-Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Quantifying Trace Amounts of Li2MnO3 by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Авторлар: Sun R.1,2, Jakes P.1, Eurich S.1, van Holt D.1, Yang S.3, Homberger M.3, Simon U.3, Kungl H.1, Eichel R.1,2
-
Мекемелер:
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie)
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
- Шығарылым: Том 49, № 4 (2018)
- Беттер: 415-427
- Бөлім: Original Paper
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0937-9347/article/view/248525
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-018-0983-4
- ID: 248525
Дәйексөз келтіру
Аннотация
Spinel-type lithium manganese oxides are considered as promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Trace amounts of Li2MnO3 usually occur as a secondary phase in lithium-manganese spinels in the common high-temperature, solid-state synthesis, affecting the overall Li–Mn stoichiometry in the spinel phase and thereby the electrochemical performance. However, the formation of Li2MnO3 lower than 1 wt.% can hardly be quantified by the conventional analytical techniques. In this work, we synthesized lithium-manganese spinels with different Li/Mn molar ratios and demonstrate that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) enables quantifying trace amounts of Li2MnO3 below 10−2 wt.% in the synthesized products. The results reveal that the formation of Li2MnO3 secondary phase is favored by lithium excess in the synthesis. Based on the quantitative evaluation of the EPR data, precise determining Li–Mn stoichiometry in the spinel phase in Li1+xMn2−xO4 materials can be assessed. Accordingly, it is possible to estimate the amount of lithium on 16d-sites in the Li-rich manganese spinels.
Авторлар туралы
Ruoheng Sun
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie); Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
Хат алмасуға жауапты Автор.
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425; Aachen, 52074
Peter Jakes
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie)
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425
Svitlana Eurich
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie)
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425
Désirée van Holt
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie)
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425
Shuo Yang
Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Aachen, 52074
Melanie Homberger
Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Aachen, 52074
Ulrich Simon
Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Aachen, 52074
Hans Kungl
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie)
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425
Rüdiger-A. Eichel
Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie); Institut für Physikalische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University
Email: r.sun@fz-juelich.de
Германия, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425; Aachen, 52074