Том 59, № 9 (2016)

The stages in the development of measurement systems, their properties and structure, and terminology and metrological support are discussed.

A combined procedural and hardware complex of electrophysical methods for management of submicrometric CMOS integrated circuit technology is developed and implemented. Programmable switching of the elements of the complex that makes it possible to utilize a mutually complementary measurement technique to obtain information needed to correct the production process is created. The complex includes programs to control the measurement and calculation of required characteristics.

Studies of variations in the hardness of representative materials of different classes over broad ranges of loads and depths of indentation are carried out. The usability of these materials is demonstrated and boundaries on the ranges of use of hardness meters produced from these materials for calibration of nanoindentation instruments are established.

A theoretical framework for building a data-measurement system that combines adsorption and laser fluorescence spectral measurement methods with estimates of the basic parameters of crude oil is discussed. An internal calibration principle for the spectral absorption system is examined. The duality of this principle is noted and the possibility of using it in laser fluorescence measurement systems is considered.

Electronic thermostating components are developed for automatic control of heat-transfer agent fl ow in heating systems in accordance with a specified program and for regulating the temperature in heated places. Original equipment and programming solutions are proposed for electronic thermostating components and the algorithm for their operation is optimized.

We study the functionality of the standard base in the field of magnetic measurements of the changes in the lower limit of the range of reproduction and transmission of the unit of magnetic induction of a field from 1000 to 10 nT. Methods and hardware implementation of the relevant tasks are based on the expansion of the functionality of the standard three-component measure – comparator means of measuring the magnetic induction of a constant field and the standard helium-cesium magnetometer from the State primary standard for magnetic measurement units GET 12-2011.

Theoretical analysis of the relative error of measurement of polarizability of cells using the dielectrophoresis method is described. Information about the magnitude of error ensures objective evaluation of the disease dynamics and the effectiveness of treatment.

Quantitative determination of microscopic components in natural and synthetic substances and media is complicated by large systematic errors. Traditional methods and procedures of calculating these errors and reducing them are discussed. The need to ensure an acceptable degree of correctness of the results of analysis in the field of low and very low contents is demonstrated.

A method of constructing a selective measurement complex with variable structure is investigated. A measurement complex with intelligent component consisting of algorithms for the construction of predictive models and the comparison of a prediction with the current result of measurements is developed for precision determination of the parameters of a dynamic object. The algorithmic support of the complex is constructed on the basis of the Anokhin theory of functional systems with the use of a scalar estimation algorithm, self-organization algorithm with trend back-up, and criterion expressed as the degree of observability of the state variables. Models with elevated degrees of observability of the state variables are used in the information processing algorithms.

The possibility of creating comparators for verification of raster grids is considered. A high-precision extremal computing-interpolation photoelectric digital raster system for measurement of linear displacements with high precision, reliability and performance indicators is used as the calibration instrument.

A lidar equation based on the laser line width and the spread function in a Raman lidar in sounding of hydrocarbon molecules in the atmosphere is obtained. The relative error in measurements of the concentration of test molecules is estimated. Isobutane is used as an example of saturated hydrocarbon molecules.

The limiting short-term frequency instability of the output signal of a passive hydrogen frequency and time standard is calculated. A technique for experimental measurement of the figure of merit of a quantum discriminator is set forth. The frequency instability of the standard is estimated on the basis of the obtained data. The effect of spectral line splitting of a maser with increasing excitation signal discovered in the course of the study represents an obstacle against achieving any decrease in the instability of the standard.

The principles of vibro-acoustic diagnostics of precision working of parts made of refractory materials by a ceramic cutting tool are described. A multi-functional information measuring system for diagnostics of the process is considered. Studies of the sensitivity of the vibration signal to variations that occur in the cutting zone are conducted.

A method for calibrating temperature gauges in digital aerological radiosondes is discussed. Calibration error is found to be the main source of error in the temperature gauges for aerological radiosondes manufactured in Russia. It is shown that the calibration error for digital temperatures gauges is considerably smaller when a tabular calibration method is used than for calibration with an analytic function.

We conduct an experimental study of field-effect transistors KP304A in charge-discharge mode of a substrate capacitor in a switching circuit with an additional resistor between the drain–source and the substrate. We propose a method of measuring the power in the resistors and switches using a switching circuit and the digital oscilloscope B-421.

We develop an electromagnetic-acoustic transducer which enables the determination of the elastic characteristics of materials and ultrasonic product testing with high reliability of detecting extremely dangerous cracks.

The spectrum of neutrons near the target of a portable NG-24M neutron generator is measured by the neutron activation method. The recovered neutron spectrum is represented analytically as a superposition of known physically substantiated spectra.

The technique of manufacturing silver–silver chloride electrodes and the method of their subsequent selection for the State Primary Standard of pH activity of hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions are described.