Том 61, № 8 (2018)

We present the results of research on the improvement of GET 30-94, the State Primary Standard of hardness on the Rockwell and Super Rockwell scales. The upgraded nodes of the standard are presented, its metrological characteristics are improved, the budget of the measurement uncertainty is calculated for reproducing the hardness numbers on the Rockwell and Super Rockwell scales. In the process of improving the standard, 15 hardness scales, previously not used in Russia, were introduced. The approved the State Primary Standard of hardness on the scale of Rockwell and Super Rockwell GET 30-2018 corresponds to the best world analogues.

We present the composition of the State Primary Standard GET 156-2015 of units of the spectral coefficients of directional transmission, diffuse and specular reflections in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 μm. Metrological characteristics of the standard are given.

An assessment of possible reduction of the limit frequency instability of a hydrogen generator is conducted when using a system of double sorting of hydrogen atoms by energy states. It is shown that when receiving a hydrogen atom beam in one quantum state, reduction of the frequency instability by approximately a factor of 1.6 to the value 1.8510–14 τ–1/2 is possible.

The basic structural features of a hydrogen frequency standard designed to work as a reference frequency standard under the conditions of outer space are described. The capabilities gained from the use of a system of double selection of hydrogen atoms by energy state to increase the metrological characteristics of the hydrogen frequency standard are considered. Experimental results on frequency instability are presented

We consider various versions of the digital processing of signals of solid-state sensors of magnetic induction located in the working areas of electromechanical transducers. The obtained results can be used for the solution of the problems of control and engineering diagnostics.

A method for modeling the 2T937 transistor is described. Calculations of its static and frequency characteristics are presented and the error in the model is assessed. Optimized parameters of a Gummel–Poon model are taken as the basis for modeling the transistor. It is shown that the model developed here can be used in computer aided design systems as a component base for the development of transistor devices.

The general Lie algebra for quantum operators of coordinates, momentum, and angular momentum of a quantum particle is investigated. In the limiting case, it becomes a Lie algebra for operators of canonical quantum field theory. Relations between operators of space-time symmetries of a quantum particle are considered. Operators obey a generalized algebra that depends on three new fundamental constants with dimensions of mass M, length L, and action H. Using representations of this algebra, we form generalized quantum HLM-fields with which HLM quantum particles are associated. It is shown that to take into account specific properties of these particles, it is necessary to modify the procedure of quantum measurements.

A method is proposed for measuring the size of particles in a dynamic light scattering analyzer along with a determination of their number density in suspension. It is shown that this method can be used to measure the parameters of various nanoparticles, including nonspherical ones. An experimental prototype of a dynamic light scattering analyzer for measuring the number density of nanoparticles along with their sizes is described.

Issues in the output signal generation of an atomic clock ensemble and the smooth management of the time scale are considered. Special algorithms are proposed to solve the objectives, making it possible to improve the stability of the output signals against possible reference frequency signal jumps. The operation of the algorithms is demonstrated by means of numerical modeling.

For the mechanical testing of elements of micro- and nanosystems, we propose a device based on an electrodynamic actuator, which creates regulated forces within the range 10^–3–1 N. The minimum recorded change in the geometry of a specimen under the load is equal to 0.3 μm. The actuator can be used for tensile, bending, compression, and fatigue tests of the specimens. By using the actuator, we can find the mechanical characteristics of thin films, wires, and microbeams whose length varies from several micrometers to several millimeters. The accessibility of the actuator and its zero stiffness simplify the procedure of measurements.

We propose a method for calibration of the systems with multicomponent emitter and sensor. This method guarantees the possibility of simultaneous determination of a collection of parameters of this system. The magnetic-field induction is measured at the points of location of components of the sensor in its motion over the plane with marking specified by a single parameter (size of the cell). The objective function is formed according to the processed data of measurements and its global minimum is found by the methods of nonlinear programming. This problem has a unique solution if one of the magnetic parameters of the system, namely, the transmission coefficient of one component of the sensor or the magnetic moment of one component of the emitter, is a priori known. We propose a procedure for the evaluation of the error of positioning of the multicomponent emitter and magnetic-field sensor.

A method of calibration of simulators of the signals of global navigation satellite systems is presented. The effective values of the metrological characteristics of the simulators are determined from the generation of the pseudo-range. The method is based on simultaneous high-frequency analog-to-digital conversion of the navigation signal and the second mark of the time scale of the signal simulator with subsequent digital demodulation, filtration, search for a transition of the corresponding front of the binary modulating sequence through zero, and measurement of the time interval between the phase transition and time stamp of the simulator scale. It is proposed that sampling and recording of the high-frequency signal of the simulator and its second mark be performed in the same time scale with subsequent demodulation of the recorded signal into quadrature components.

We have estimated the nonuniformity of the dose distribution along the body of a patient using in vivo dosimetry by semiconductor detectors with total therapeutic irradiation of cancer patients before bone marrow transplantation. The method of in vivo dosimetry was developed and used at the Blokhin Oncology Center since 2007. Based on the results of the investigation of 35 patients, we determined a mean nonuniformity of 10–15% of the dose distribution along the body of the patient, which conforms to international recommendations. We show a linear dependence of the accumulated dose on the mass of the patient.