卷 72, 编号 4 (2017)

Onshore oil and gas production is often accompanied by accidents of varying severities and negative consequences. Operations within the areas of peripheral seas and the World Ocean have significantly aggravated the situation and driven a significant part of the emergencies related to the production of hydrocarbons to regional and global levels. The use of new technologies in the production of shale hydrocarbons has added a new problem, that is, the probability of total contamination of a large volume of geological environment with highly toxic chemicals. The discovery of a new promising fossil energy source, gas hydrates, makes it possible only to outline the possible related hazards and shows that the environmental risk can increase by many times. To withstand the threat of emergencies related to the growth of hydrocarbon production, it is advisable to establish special control and rapid-response structures on a nationwide scale. Such structures may be open to international cooperation in the jurisdiction of the United Nations, if necessary.

Two stages are distinguished in the study of Quaternary deposits in Crimea. At the first stage (from the late 19th century to the 1960s), the stratigraphic description of Quaternary strata was based on the allocation of terraced complexes (marine terraces in the coastal part and synchronous alluvial terraces in the continental part of the Crimean Peninsula). At the second stage, the description of Quaternary deposits was based on their climatostratigraphic classification, with the leading role of the loess-soil formation. The structure of the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester valleys was used as the basis for the stratigraphic subdivision of Quaternary deposits in Crimea. It is shown that the nonlinear reversible changes of the Black Sea level that took place in the Quaternary can break the rule that the lower the hypsometric level of a terrace is, the younger the terrace is.

The materials on the geology and geochemical specialization of Riphean terrigenous rocks of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium, including carbonaceous shale and conglomerate, are reported. Conglomerate is characterized by a high concentration of Au and PGEs mostly related to intensely dislocated zones. It is concluded that potentially ore-bearing zones in terrigenous deposits of the Bashkirian meganticlinorium were formed as a result of multistage polygene processes controlled by the Riphean–Vendian geodynamic evolution of the region.

Five bentonite samples of different compositions and geneses were saturated with Cs and Sr in the static regime. Desorption is examined during the filtration of distilled water through saturated samples. Both elements are firmly retained to most of the bentonite samples. The Cs and Sr desorption values were 12–20%, and 2.5–23%, respectively. Structural changes in the clay fraction of bentonites resulted from the sorption–desorption of Cs and Sr were studied by the method of X-ray diffraction.