Хроническая HCV-инфекция: взгляд интерниста (I часть)
- Авторы: Зубкин МЛ1,2, Червинко ВИ3, Овчинников ЮВ3, Крюков ЕВ4, Котенко ОН5
-
Учреждения:
- Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора
- Филиал Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова, Москва
- Филиал Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова
- Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. Н.Н. Бурденко
- Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения Москвы
- Выпуск: Том 88, № 10 (2016)
- Страницы: 105-113
- Раздел: Передовая статья
- URL: https://journals.rcsi.science/0040-3660/article/view/32653
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17116/terarkh2016886105-113
- ID: 32653
Цитировать
Полный текст
Аннотация
Аннотация Инфицирование вирусом гепатита С (HCV) приводит к развитию не только хронического гепатита с последующими осложнениями в виде цирроза печени и гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы, но и значительного числа других заболеваний — так называемых внепеченочных проявлений хронической HCV-инфекции. Это объясняется как гепато-, так и лимфотропностью вируса. Наиболее ярким примером такого течения хронической HCV-инфекции, при котором происходит сочетание инфекционно-воспалительного процесса с аутоиммунными расстройствами и онкогенезом, служат смешанная криоглобулинемия и В-клеточная не-Ходжкинская лимфома. В основе патогенеза этих патологических состояний лежит клональная экспансия В-лимфоцитов, возникающая в условиях их продолжительной стимуляции вирусом или вирусными белками. Первая часть настоящего обзора посвящена анализу связи хронической HCV-инфекции с развитием лимфопролиферативных и аутоиммунных расстройств, а также ассоциации с поражением почек.
Об авторах
М Л Зубкин
Московский НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского Роспотребнадзора; Филиал Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. Кирова, Москва
В И Червинко
Филиал Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. КироваМосква, Россия
Ю В Овчинников
Филиал Военно-медицинской академии им. С.М. КироваМосква, Россия
Е В Крюков
Главный военный клинический госпиталь им. Н.Н. БурденкоМосква, Россия
О Н Котенко
Городская клиническая больница №52 Департамента здравоохранения МосквыМосква, Россия
Список литературы
- Pascual M, Perrin L, Giostra E, Schifferli JA. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II. J Infect Dis. 1990;162(2):569-570. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.2.569
- Zignego AL, Giannini C, Monti M, Gragnani L. Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism: lessons from a decade of studies. Digestive Liver Dis. 2007;39(1):38-45. doi: 10.1016/S1590-8658(07)80009-0
- Pham TN, King D, Macparland SA, McGrath JS, Reddy SB, Bursey FR, Michalak TI. Hepatitis C virus replicates in the same immune cell subsets in chronic hepatitis C and occult infection. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(3):812-822. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.12.011
- Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Colaci M, Fallahi P, Piluso A, Antonelli A, Zignego AL. Hepatitis C virus syndrome: A constellation of organ- and non-organ specific autoimmune disorders, B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cancer. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(3):327-343. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.327
- Negro F, Forton D, Craxì A, Sulkowski MS, Feld JJ, Manns MP. Reviews in basic and clinical gastroenterology and hepatology. Gastroenterology. 2015;49(6):1345-1360. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.035
- Zignego AL, Gragnani L, Piluso А, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Fallahi P, Antonelli A., Ferri C. Virus-driven autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation: the example of HCV infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2015;11(1):15-31. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2015.997214
- Ferri C., Antonelli A, Mascia MT, Sebastiani M, Fallahi P, Ferrari D, Pileri SA, Zignego AL. HCV-related autoimmune and neoplastic disorders: the HCV syndrome. Digestive Liver Dis. 2007;39(1):13-21. doi: 10.1016/S1590-8658(07)80005-3
- Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN, Jen CL, You SL, Wang LY, Wang CH, Chen WJ, Chen CJ. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection increases mortality from hepatic and extrahepatic diseases: a community-based long-term prospective study. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(4):469-477. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis385
- Maruyama S, Koda Ma, Oyake N, Sato H, Fujii Y,Horie Y, Murawaki Y. Myocardial injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol. 2013;58(1):11-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.045
- Brouet JC, Clauvel JP, Danon F, Clauvel JP, Danon F, Klein M, Seligmann M. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases. Am J Med. 1974;57(5):775-788. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90852-3
- Terrier B, Karras A, Kahn JE, Le Guenno G, Marie I, Benarous L, Lacraz A, Diot E, Hermine O, de Saint-Martin L, Cathébras P, Leblond V, Modiano P, Léger JM, Mariette X, Senet P, Plaisier E, Saadoun D, Cacoub P. The spectrum of type I cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: new insights based on 64 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2013;92(2):61-68. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e318288925c
- Ghetie D, Mehraban N, Sibley CH. Cold hard facts of cryoglobulinemia: updates on clinical features and treatment advances. Rheum Dis Clin North America. 2015;41(1):93-108. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.09.008
- Saadoun D, Thibault V, Si Ahmed SN, Alric LMallet M, Guillaud C, Izzedine H, Plaisier A, Fontaine H, Costopoulos MLe Garff-Tavernier M, Hezode C, Pol S, Musset L, Poynard T, Cacoub P. Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis: VASCUVALDIC study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;0:1-6. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208339
- Dammacco F, Racanelli V, Russi S, Sansonno D. The expanding spectrum of HCV-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a narrative review. Clin Exper Med. 2016;1-10. doi: 10.1007/s10238-016-0410-9
- Dammacco F, Sansonno D. Therapy for hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. New Engl J Med. 2013; 369(11):1035-1045. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208642
- Sansonno D, Gesualdo L, Manno C, Schena FP, Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus-related proteins in kidney tissue from hepatitis C virus-infected patients with cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Hepatology. 1997;25(5):1237-1244. doi: 10.1002/hep.510250529
- Mariotto S, Ferrari S, Monaco S. HCV-related central and peripheral nervous system demyelinating disorders. Inflammation Allergy Drug Targets. 2014;13:299-304. doi: 10.2174/1871528113666140908113841
- Gupta A, Quigg RJ. Glomerular Diseases Associated With Hepatitis B and C. Advances Chron Kidney Dis. 2015;22(5):343-351. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2015.06.003
- Barsoum RS. Hepatitis C virus: from entry to renal injury — facts and potentials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(7):1840-1848. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm205
- Meltzer M, Franklin EC, Elias K, McCluskey RT, Cooper N. Cryoglobulinemia — a clinical and laboratory study. II. Cryoglobulins with rheumatoid factor activity. Am J Med. 1966;40(6):837-856. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(66)90200-2
- Retamozo S, Diaz-Lagares C, Bosch X, Bove A, Brito-Zeron P, Gomez ME, Yagüe J, Forns X, Cid MC, Ramos-Casals M. Lifethreatening cryoglobulinemic patients with hepatitis C: clinical description and outcome of 279 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013;92(5):273-284. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182a5cf71
- Cacoub P, Comarmond C, Domont F, Savey L, Saadoun D. Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis.Am J Med. 2015;128(9):950-955. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.02.017
- Jacobson IM, Cacoub P, Dal Maso L, Harrison SA, Younossi ZM. Manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection beyond the liver. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(12):1017-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.026
- МухинН.А., КозловскаяЛ.В., МалышкоЕ.Ю. Криоглобулинемическийнефрит, ассоциированныйсхроническойинфекциейвирусагепатитаС. Терапевтическийархив. 2000;6:1-5.
- Tampaki M, Koskinas J. Extrahepatic immune related manifestations in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2014:20(35):12372-12380. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12372
- КозловскаяЛ.В, ТэгайС.В., МалышкоЕ.Ю., ЛопаткинаТ.Н., КосминковаЕ.Н. Поражениепочек, ассоциированноесвирусамигепатитовВиС. Consilium Med. 2002;4(7):337-341.
- Лысенко Л.В., Гордовская Н.Б., Коротчаева Ю.В. «Диагностика и лечение нефрита при HBV и HCV инфекции, включая нефрит при криоглобулинемическом васкулите». Национальные клинические рекомендации по лечению гломерулонефритов. Под редакцией Шилова Е.М. Сборник клинических рекомендаций. М.: Белыйветер; 2015.
- Fabrizi F, Martin P, Cacoub P, Messa P, Donato FM. Treatment of hepatitis C-related kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(12):1815-1827. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1066333
- Ferri C, Antonelli A, Sebastiani M, Colaci M, Zignego AL. The expanding spectrum of clinical features in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. In: Dammacco F, editor. HCV infection and cryoglobulinemia. Milan: Springer-Verlag Italia; 2012.
- Милованова С.Ю., Козловская Л.В., Гордовская К.Б. Полиморфизм клинических проявлений криоглобулинемического васкулита, ассоциированного с хроническим гепатитом С. Альманах клинической медицины. 2014;30:46-51.
- Ferri C. Mixed cryoglobulinemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:25. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-25
- Terrier B, Semoun O, Saadoun D, Sène D, Resche-Rigon M, Cacoub P. Prognostic factors in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(6):1748-1757. doi: 10.1002/art.30319
- Gragnani L. Fognani E, Piluso A, Boldrini B, Urraro T, Fabbrizzi A, Stasi C, Ranieri J, Monti M, Arena U, Iannacone C, Laffi G, Zignego AL Long-term effect of HCV eradication in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia: a prospective, controlled, open-label, cohort study.Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1145-1153. doi: 10.1002/hep.27623
- Dаmmacco F. Tucci FA, Lauletta G, Gatti P, De Re V, Conteduca V, Sansonno S, Russi S, Mariggiт MA, Chironna M, Sansonno D. Pegylated interferon-alpha, ribavirin, and rituximab combined therapy of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia: a long-term study. Blood. 2010;116(3):343-353. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-245878
- Мухин Н.А., Козловская Л.В., Милованова Л.Ю., Тэгай С.В., Гордовская Н.Б., Игнатова Т.М., Кудлинский И.С. HCV-ассоциированный криоглобулинемический васкулит с тяжелым поражением почек и развитием В-клеточной лимфомы. Современные возможности изменения прогноза с помощью моноклональных антител к CD20 и противовирусной терапии Клиническая нефрология. 2011;2:61-69.
- Ignatova T, Chernova O, Novikov P, Moiseev S. HCV-associated cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis: triple/dual antiviral treatment and/or rituximab? Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(9):e58. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205997
- Saadoun D Resche Rigon M, Sene D, Terrier B, Karras A, Perard L, Schoindre Y, Coppéré B, Blanc F, Musset L, Piette JC, Rosenzwajg M, Cacoub P. Rituximab plus Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin compared with Peg-interferon-alpha/ribavirin in hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood. 2010;116(3):326-334. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-248518
- Terrier ВSaadoun D, Sène D, Sellam J, Pérard L, Coppéré B, Karras A, Blanc F, Buchler M, Plaisier E, Ghillani P, Rosenzwajg M, Cacoub P. Efficacy and tolerability of rituximab with or without PEGylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin in severe hepatitis C virus-related vasculitis: a long-term followup study of thirty-two patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(8):2531-2540. doi: 10.1002/art.24703
- Visentini M, Tinelli C, Colantuono S, Monti M, Ludovisi S, Gragnani L, Mitrevski M, Ranieri J, Fognani E, Piluso A, Granata M, De Silvestri A, Scotti V, Mondelli MU, Zignego AL, Fiorilli M, Casato M. Efficacy of low-dose rituximab for the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: Phase II clinical trial and systematic review. Autoimmunity Revi. 2015;14(10):889-896. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.013
- de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM, Engels EA, Morton LM, Bracci PM, Spinelli JJ, Zheng T, Zhang Y, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Holly EA, Grulich AE, Cerhan JR, Hartge P, Cozen W, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Maynadiй M, Cocco P, Bosch R, Foretova L, Staines A, Becker N, Nieters A.. Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the international lymphoma epidemiology consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(4):451-458. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011
- Monti G, Galli M, Invernizzi F, Pioltelli P, Saccardo F, Monteverde A, Pietrogrande M, Renoldi P, Bombardieri S, Bordin G. Cryoglobulinaemias: a multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease. GISC. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinaemias. QJM. 1995;88(2):115-126.
- Lauletta G, Russi S, Conteduca V, Sansonno L, Dammacco F, Sansonno D. Impact of cryoglobulinemic syndrome on the outcome of chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a 15-year prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013;92(5): 245-256. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e31829d2abc
- Marcucci F, Mele A. Hepatitis viruses and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: epidemiology, mechanisms of tumorigenesis, and therapeutic opportunities. Blood. 2011;117(6):1792-1798. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-275818
- Kawamura Y, Ikeda K, Arase Y, Yatsuji H, Sezaki H, Hosaka T, Akuta N, Kobayashi M, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y, Kumada H. Viral elimination reduces incidence of malignant lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C. Am J Med. 2007;120(12):1034-1041. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.022
- De Re V, Caggiari L, Simula MP, De Vita S, Mazzaro C, Lenzi M, Massimo GM, Monti G, Ferri C, Zignego AL, Gabrielli A, Sansonno D, Dammacco F, Libra M, Sacchi N, Talamini R, Spina M, Tirelli U, Cannizzaro R, Dolcetti R. Role of the HLA class II: HCV-related disorders. Ann New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1107:308-318. doi: 10.1196/annals.1381.033
- Fognani E, Giannini C, Piluso A, Gragnani L, Monti M, Caini P, Ranieri J, Urraro T, Triboli E, Laffi G, Zignego AL. Role of microRNA profile modifications in hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62965. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062965
- Lenzi M, Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Ballardini G, Smith HM, McFarlane BM, Bridger C, Vergani D, Bianchi FB, Williams R. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in autoimmune liver disease: evidence for geographical heterogeneity. Lancet. 1991;338(8762):277-280. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90418-O
- Gisbert JP, Garcia-Buey L, Pajares JM, Moreno-Otero R. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1723-1732. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.09.025
- Giordano TP, Henderson L, Landgren O, Chiao EY, Kramer JR, El-Serag H, Engels EA. Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphoproliferative precursor diseases in US veterans with hepatitis C virus. JAMA. 2007;297:2010-2017. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.18.2010
- Hartridge-Lambert SK, Stein EM, Markowitz AJ, Portlock CS. Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the clinical perspective. Hepatology. 2012;55(2):634-641. doi: 10.1002/hep.25499
- Paydas S. Hepatitis C virus and lymphoma. Critical Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2015;93(3):246-56. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.10.008
- Zignego AL, Ferri C, Giannelli F, Giannini C, Caini P, Monti M, Marrocchi ME, Di Pietro E, La Villa G, Laffi G, Gentilini P. Prevalence of bcl-2 rearrangement in patients with hepatitis C virusrelated mixed cryoglobulinemia with or without B-cell lymphomas. Ann Int Med. 2002;137(7):571-580. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00008
- Forghieri F, Luppi M, Barozzi P, Maffei R, Potenza L, Narni F, Marasca R. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Clin Development Immunol. 2012;2012:1-9. doi: 10.1155/2012/807351
- Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Hansmann ML, Zeuzem S. Hepatitis C-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epidemiology, molecular signature and clinical management. J Hepatol. 2013;59(1):169-177. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.018
- Saadoun D, Sellam J, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Crecel R, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Increased risks of lymphoma and death among patients with nonhepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arch Int Med. 2006;166(19):2101-2108. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.19.2101
- Saadoun D, Resche-Rigon M, Thibault V, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: a long-term followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3696-3706. doi: 10.1002/art.22168
- Hermine O, Lefrиre F, Bronowicki JP, Mariette X, Jondeau K, Eclache-Saudreau V, Delmas B, Valensi F, Cacoub P, Brechot C, Varet B, Troussard X. Regression of splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. New Engl J Med. 2002;347(4):89-94. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa013376
- Mazzaro C, De Re V, Spina M, Dal Maso L, Festini G, Comar C, Tirelli U, Pozzato G. Pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin for HCV-positive indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Br J Haematol. 2009;145(2):255-257. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07565.x
- Arcaini L, Vallisa D, Rattotti S, Ferretti VV, Ferreri AJ, Bernuzzi P, Merli M, Varettoni M, Chiappella A, Ambrosetti A, Tucci A, Rusconi C, Visco C, Spina M, Cabras G, Luminari S, Tucci M, Musto P, Ladetto M, Merli F, Stelitano C, d’Arco A, Rigacci L, Levis A, Rossi D, Spedini P, Mancuso S, Marino D, Bruno R, Baldini L, Pulsoni A. Antiviral treatment in patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas associated with HCV infection: a study of the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(7):1404-1410. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu166
- Michot JM, Canioni D, Driss H, Alric L, Cacoub P, Suarez F, Sibon D, Thieblemont C, Dupuis J, Terrier B, Feray C, Tilly H, Pol S, Leblond V, Settegrana C, Rabiega P, Barthe Y, Hendel-Chavez H, Nguyen-Khac F, Merle-Béral H, Berger F, Molina T, Charlotte F, Carrat F, Davi F, Hermine O, Besson C. ANRS HC-13 Lympho-C Study Group Antiviral therapy is associated with a better survival in patients with hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-hodgkin lymphomas, ANRS HC-13 lympho-C study. Am J Hematol. 2015;90:197-203. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23889
- La Mura V, De Renzo A, Perna F, D’Agostino D, Masarone M, Romano M, Bruno S, Torella R, Persico M.. Antiviral therapy after complete response to chemotherapy could be efficacious in HCV-positive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Hepatol. 2008;49(4):557-563. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.025
- Fabrizi F, Verdesca S, Messa P, Martin P. Hepatitis C Virus Infection Increases the Risk of Developing Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Digest Dis Scie. 2015;60(12):3801-3813. doi: 10.1007/s10620-015-3801-y
- McGuire BM, Julian BA, Bynon JS, Cook WJ, King SJ, Curtis JJ, Accortt NA, Eckhoff DE. Brief communication: Glomerulonephritis in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. Ann Int Med. 2006;144(10):735-741. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00007
- Fabrizi F, Martin P, Cacoub P, Messa P, Donato FM. Treatment of hepatitis C-related kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015;16(12):1815-1827. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1066333
- Ozkok A, Yildiz A. Hepatitis c virus associated glomerulopathies. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(24):7544-7554. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7544
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008;109:1-99. doi: 10.1038/ki.2008.81
- Kasuno K, Ono T, Matsumori A, Nogaki F, Kusano H, Watanabe H, Yodoi J, Muso E. Hepatitis C virus-associated tubulointerstitial injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(4):767-775. doi: 10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00024-6
- El-Serag HB, Hampel H, Yeh C, Rabeneck L. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans. Hepatology. 2002;36(6):1439-1445. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.37191
- Perico N, Cattaneo D, Bikbov B, Remuzzi G. Hepatitis C infection and chronic renal diseases. Clin J Am Society Nephrol. 2009;4(1):207-220. doi: 10.2215/CJN.03710708
- Gill K, Ghazinian H, Manch R, Gish R. Hepatitis C virus as a systemic disease: reaching beyond the liver. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(3):415-423. doi: 10.1007/s12072-015-9684-3
- Appel GB. Membranoprolferative glomerulonephritis — mechanisms and treatment. Contributions Nephrol. 2013;181:163-174. doi: 10.1159/000348635
- Cook HT, Pickering MC. Histopathology of MPGN and C3 glomerulopathies. Nature Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(1):14-22. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.217
- Arase Y, Ikeda K, Murashima N, Chayama K, Tsubota A, Koida I, Suzuki Y, Saitoh S, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi M, Kumada H. Glomerulonephritis in autopsy cases with hepatitis C virus infection. Int Med. 1998;37(10):836-840. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.37.836
- Ji F, Li Z, Ge H, Deng H. Successful interferon-б treatment in a patient with IgA nephropathy associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Int Med. 2010;49(22):2531-2532. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.4365
- Dey AK, Bhattacharya A, Majumdar A. Hepatitis C as a potential cause of IgA nephropathy. Indian J Nephrol. 2013;23(2):143-145. doi: 10.4103/0971-4065.109443
- Morales JM, Pascual-Capdevila J, Campistol JM, Fernandez-Zatarain G, Muñoz MA, Andres A, Praga M, Martinez MA, Usera G, Fuertes A, Oppenheimer F, Artal P, Darnell A, Rodicio JL. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection in renal transplant patients. Transplantation. 1997;63(11):1634-1639. doi: 10.1097/00007890-199706150-00017
- Cheng Z, Zhou B, Shi X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Liu X. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection: 297 cases from a tertiary medical center in Beijing, China. Chinese Med J (Engl). 2014;127(7):1206-1210.
- Stehman-Breen C, Alpers C, Fleet W, Fleet WP, Johnson RJ. Focal segmental sclerosis among patients infected with HCV. Nephron. 1999;81(1):37-40. doi: 10.1159/000045243
- Guerra G, Narayan G, Rennke HG, Jaber BL. Crescentic fibrillary glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C viral infection. Clin Nephrol. 2003;60:364-368. doi: 10.5414/CNP60364
- Fabrizi F, Bruchfeld A, Mangano S, Dixit V, Messa P, Martin P. Interferon therapy for HCV-associated glomerulonephritis: meta-analysis of controlled trials. Int J Artificial Organs. 2007;30(3):212-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00907.x