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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Astronomy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Astronomy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Астрономический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0004-6299</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">355485</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034518925110058</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">PULSAR B1237+25 AT 111 MHz: AVERAGE PROFILE, MODE SWITCHING, NULLINGS, MICROSTRUCTURE</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПУЛЬСАР В1237+25 НА ЧАСТОТЕ 111 МГц: СРЕДНИЙ ПРОФИЛЬ, ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕНИЕ МОД, НУЛЛИНГИ, МИКРОСТРУКТУРА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>M. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>popov069@asc.rssi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>T. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>tania@prao.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Astrospace Center of P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Астрокосмический центр Физического института им. П. Н. Лебедева Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory of P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пущинская Радиоастрономическая обсерватория Физического института им. П. Н. Лебедева Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 102, NO11 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 102, №11 (2025)</issue-title><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rcsi.science/0004-6299/article/view/355485">https://journals.rcsi.science/0004-6299/article/view/355485</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An analysis of observations of the pulsar B1237+25 at a frequency of 111 MHz is presented. The observations were carried out with the Large In-Phase Antenna (LPA) of the Pushchino Radio Astronomical Observatory of P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute. A new component was detected in the average profile in the central region of the emission. This component with a half-width of 1.6 ms is observed against the background of a more extended component with a half-width of 7 ms. This new component of the average profile at a frequency of 111 MHz manifests itself in all modes of the pulsar radio emission: quiet-normal (QN), flare-normal (FN) and in the abnormal mode (AB), and in the abnormal mode it was also detected by other observers at other frequencies. The drift of subpulses is observed in the normal mode of emission only in the extreme (first and last) components. The normal mode is interrupted by nullings and transitions to the abnormal mode AB. In the AB mode, the structure of the activity zones at the edge of the outer cone is destroyed, the distance between the inner and outer cones increases almost twice, and the distance between the inner cone and the central region decreases. Analysis of our data showed that the components of the outer and inner cones of the average profile are formed by the ordinary mode of radio emission (O-mode) and constitute a single cone emission of the pulsar. The central components of the average profile (wide and narrow) are formed by the extraordinary mode of emission (X-mode). Estimates of the height of the emission from the central region (X-mode) and the cone emission (O-mode) are obtained: 80 km and 370 km, respectively. A microstructure with a submicrosecond time scale of τ<sub>µ</sub> ≤ 0.5μs was discovered. Such a time scale corresponds well to the characteristic time of spark discharge development in the polar cap. For this value of τ<sub>µ</sub>, the vacuum gap height should be h<sub>p</sub> ≤ 750 cm. Based on the steepness of the trailing edge of an individual pulse at the longitude of the first component, a limit was obtained on the value of the γ factor of the relativistic secondary plasma: γ ≥ 260. The analysis showed that in 88% of cases, the normal mode (N) is realized, and in 81% of them — the QN mode and only in 19% the FN mode. The AB mode is only 12%. The dependence of the distance between the components of the outer and inner cones of radiation on the frequency is the same and corresponds to a power law with an index of −0.16.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведен анализ наблюдений пульсара В1237+25 на частоте 111 МГц. Наблюдения проведены на большой синфазной антенне (БСА) Пущинской радиоастрономической обсерватории ФИАН. Впервые в нормальной моде излучения на частоте 111 МГц в среднем профиле обнаружен новый компонент в центральной области излучения. Этот компонент с полушириной 1.6 мс наблюдается на фоне обычного более протяженного компонента с полушириной 7 мс. Этот новый компонент среднего профиля на частоте 111 МГц проявляется во всех модах радиоизлучения пульсара: нормальной спокойной (QN), нормальной яркой (FN) и в аномальной моде (АВ), причем в аномальной моде он был выявлен и другими наблюдателями на других частотах. Дрейф субимпульсов наблюдается в нормальной моде излучения QN только в крайних компонентах среднего профиля. Нормальная мода прерывается нуллингами и переходами в аномальную моду АВ. В моде АВ разрушается структура зон активности на краю внешнего конуса, расстояние между внутренним и внешним конусом увеличивается почти вдвое, а расстояние между внутренним конусом и центральной областью сокращается. Анализ наших данных показал, что компоненты внешнего и внутреннего конуса среднего профиля образуются обыкновенной модой радиоизлучения (O-мода) и составляют единое конусное излучение пульсара. Центральные компоненты среднего профиля (широкий и узкий) образуются необыкновенной модой излучения (X-мода). Получены оценки высоты выхода излучения из центральной области (X-мода) и конусного излучения (O-мода): 80 км и 370 км соответственно. Обнаружена микроструктура с субимкросекундной временной шкалой τ<sub>µ</sub> ≤ 0.5 мкс. Такая временная шкала хорошо соответствует характерному времени развития искрового разряда в полярной шапке. Для определенного нами значения τ<sub>µ</sub> высота вакуумного зазора должна быть h<sub>p</sub> ≤ 750 см. По крутизне заднего фронта индивидуального импульса на долготе первого компонента было получено ограничение на величину γ фактора релятивистской вторичной плазмы: γ ≥ 260. Анализ показал, что в 88% случаев реализуется нормальная мода (N), причем в 81% из них — QN мода, и лишь в 19% FN мода. АВ мода составляет всего лишь 12%. Зависимость расстояния между компонентами внешнего и внутреннего конусов излучения от частоты одинаковая и соответствует степенному закону с показателем –0.16.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulsars</kwd><kwd>radio emission</kwd><kwd>radiation modes</kwd><kwd>relativistic plasma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пульсары</kwd><kwd>радиоизлучение</kwd><kwd>моды излучения</kwd><kwd>релятивистская плазма</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>D.C. Backer, Nature (London) 228(5278), 1297 (1970).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>J.M. Rankin, Astrophys. J. 301, 901 (1986).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Z. Srostlik and J.M. Rankin, Monthly Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 362(4), 1121 (2005).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>E Smith, J Rankin, and D. Mitra, Monthly Not. Roy. Astron. 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