Methods of deep dives in whole ice cover conditions

Abstract

The essence of methodological and engineering questions solved during the preparation and implementation of historic dives of the manned submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2, allowing humans to see the bottom of the North Pole at a depth of 4300 m, are described together with innovative developments in underwater navigation, as well as the Mir’s propulsion, ballast, and other systems that ensured the safety of the dives. These innovative methods have opened up the Arctic’s underice space for scientific research and practical exploration for minerals with the direct participation of scientists and specialists.